About this course: Most professions these days require more than general intelligence. They require in addition the ability to collect, analyze and think about data. Personal life is enriched when these same skills are applied to problems in everyday life involving judgment and choice. This course presents basic concepts from statistics, probability, scientific methodology, cognitive psychology and cost-benefit theory and shows how they can be applied to everything from picking one product over another to critiquing media accounts of scientific research. Concepts are defined briefly and breezily and then applied to many examples drawn from business, the media and everyday life. What kinds of things will you learn? Why it’s usually a mistake to interview people for a job. Why it’s highly unlikely that, if your first meal in a new restaurant is excellent, you will find the next meal to be as good. Why economists regularly walk out of movies and leave restaurant food uneaten. Why getting your picture on the cover of Sports Illustrated usually means your next season is going to be a disappointment. Why you might not have a disease even though you’ve tested positive for it. Why you’re never going to know how coffee affects you unless you conduct an experiment in which you flip a coin to determine whether you will have coffee on a given day. Why it might be a mistake to use an office in a building you own as opposed to having your office in someone else’s building. Why you should never keep a stock that’s going down in hopes that it will go back up and prevent you from losing any of your initial investment. Why it is that a great deal of health information presented in the media is misinformation.
Who is this class for: The course is intended for everyone and requires no prior learning beyond a high school education. No mathematics is involved. The course has special value for students who are beginning a college career. It provides an overview of a large portion of the college curriculum, showing what fields such as statistics and microeconomics are about and cluing the student to the fact that abstract principles they will learn in many of their courses can, with a little imagination, be applied to everyday life.
Created by: University of Michigan
Taught by: Richard E. Nisbett, Theodore M. Newcomb Distinguished University Professor
Department of Psychology
| Level | Beginner |
| Commitment | 4 weeks of study; 3-4 hours/week |
| Language | English |
| How To Pass | Pass all graded assignments to complete the course. |
| User Ratings |
Syllabus
WEEK 1
Introduction
Individuals and cultures can make themselves smarter. Since the beginning of the Industrial Revolution, people have become enormously smarter. The Information Age requires a brand-new set of skills involving statistics, probability, cost-benefit analysis, principles of cognitive psychology, logic and dialectical reasoning.
1 video, 3 readings
- Reading: Welcome Message and Course Principles from Professor Nisbett
- Video: Course Introduction
- Reading: (Optional) Companion Readings from the Mindware book
- Reading: Help us learn more about you!
Lesson 1: Statistics
Basic concepts of statistics and probability including the concepts of variable, normal distribution, standard deviation, correlation, reliability, validity, and effect size. Concrete examples are drawn from everyday life and show how the concepts can be used to solve ordinary problems.
2 videos, 2 readings
- Video: Variables - Normal Distribution
- Video: Introduction to Correlation
- Reading: Interactive Activity
- Discussion Prompt: End-of-Lesson Reflection
- Reading: (Optional) Companion Readings from the Mindware book
Graded: Lesson 1 Quiz
Lesson 2: The Law of Large Numbers
How to think about events in such a way that they can be counted and a decision can be made about how much data is enough. You will learn about the concept of error variance and how it can be combatted by obtaining multiple observations. Your will learn that your judgments about people’s personalities are prone to serious errors that are largely avoided for judgments about abilities. And you will discover why it’s usually a mistake to interview job applicants.
2 videos, 2 readings, 3 practice quizzes
- Practice Quiz: Pre-lecture Reflection Prompt
- Practice Quiz: Pre-lecture Quiz
- Video: The Law of Large Numbers: Part 1
- Video: The Law of Large Numbers: Part 2
- Reading: Interactive Activity
- Practice Quiz: Post-lecture Reflection Prompt
- Discussion Prompt: End-of-Lesson Reflection
- Reading: (Optional) Companion Readings from the Mindware book
Graded: Lesson 2 Quiz
WEEK 2
Lesson 3: Correlation
It can be extremely difficult to make an accurate assessment of how two variables are related to one another; prior beliefs can be more important than data in estimating the strength of a given relationship. You will learn simple tools to estimate degree of association. You will learn about the nature of illusory correlations and how to avoid them. You will learn about the concepts of confounded variable and self-selection error.
4 videos, 3 readings, 1 practice quiz
- Reading: Pre-lecture Activity
- Video: Correlations
- Video: The Draw-a-Person Test
- Video: Illusory Correlation
- Reading: Interactive Activity
- Video: Confounded Variables; Statistical Significance
- Practice Quiz: Correlation Exercises
- Reading: (Optional) Companion Readings from the Mindware book
Graded: Lesson 3 Quiz
Lesson 4: Experiments
You will learn that correlations can only rarely provide conclusive evidence about whether one variable exerts a causal influence on another and why experiments provide far better evidence about causality than correlations. You will be shown how to conduct experiments in business settings and experiments on yourself. You will learn the distinction between within subject designs and between subject designs. You will learn about the concept of artifacts and some tricks for avoiding them. You will learn how to discover natural experiments.
3 videos, 2 readings
- Reading: Pre-lecture Activity
- Video: The Superiority of Experiments over Correlations
- Video: A/B Testing
- Video: Experimental Design and Natural Experiments
- Discussion Prompt: End-of-Lesson Reflection
- Discussion Prompt: End-of-Lesson Challenge
- Reading: (Optional) Companion Readings from the Mindware book
Graded: Lesson 4 Quiz
WEEK 3
Lesson 5: Prediction
You will learn about the kinds of systematic errors we make when trying to predict the future. You will learn about regression to the mean and why you should assume that extreme values on a variable will be less extreme when next observed. You will learn how to think about observations in terms of true score plus error. You will learn about the concept of base rate and why it must be taken into account when estimating probabilities of specific events.
2 videos, 2 readings
- Reading: Pre-lecture Question
- Video: Regression to the Mean
- Video: Base Rate
- Discussion Prompt: End-of-Lesson Reflection
- Reading: (Optional) Companion Readings from the Mindware book
Graded: Lesson 5 Quiz
Lesson 6: Cognitive Biases
We understand the world not through direct perception but through inferential procedures that we are unaware of. Our understanding of the world is heavily influenced by schemas or abstract representations of events. We are prone to serious judgment errors that can be avoided to a degree when we understand their basis. We make guesses about probability and causality by applying the representativeness heuristic based on similarity assessments which can be very misleading. We make judgments about frequency and probability by relying in part on the availability heuristic, judging things as frequent or probable to the degree that instances come readily to mind.
3 videos, 1 reading, 1 practice quiz
- Practice Quiz: Pre-lecture Quiz
- Video: The Illusion of Objectivity
- Video: Heuristics
- Video: Fundamental Attribution Error; Confirmation Bias
- Discussion Prompt: End-of-Lesson Reflection
- Reading: (Optional) Companion Readings from the Mindware book
Graded: Lesson 6 Quiz
WEEK 4
Lesson 7: Choosing and Deciding
How to conduct a cost-benefit analysis. Why you should throw the analysis away after doing it if the decision is personal and very important. How to avoid throwing good money after bad. How to avoid doing something that will prevent you from doing something more valuable. Why it can be expensive to try to avoid the possibility of loss. Why incentives can backfire.
3 videos, 1 reading, 1 practice quiz
- Practice Quiz: Pre-lecture Activity
- Video: Cost-Benefit Analysis
- Video: Sunk Costs
- Video: Loss Aversion
- Discussion Prompt: End-of-Lecture Reflection
- Reading: (Optional) Companion Readings from the Mindware book
Graded: Lesson 7 Quiz
Lesson 8: Logic and Dialectical Reasoning
The distinction between inductive logic and deductive logic. Syllogisms. Conditional reasoning. The distinction between truth of an argument and validity of an argument. The concepts of necessity and sufficiency. Venn diagrams. Common logical errors. When to avoid contradiction and when to embrace it, how to avoid undue certainty about judgments and decisions, and why attention to context rather than form is crucial for analysis of most real-world problems.
2 videos, 1 reading, 1 practice quiz
- Practice Quiz: Pre-lecture Quiz
- Video: Logical Reasoning
- Video: Dialectical Reasoning
- Discussion Prompt: End-of-Lecture Reflection
- Reading: (Optional) Companion Readings from the Mindware book
Graded: Lesson 8 Quiz
Conclusion
1 video, 2 readings
- Video: Concluding Thoughts
- Reading: (Optional) Companion Readings from the Mindware book
- Reading: Post-course Survey
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An excellent course which can make you smarter.
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JI
The professor is likable, the content is engaging and accessible, and the lessons are applicable to everyone's daily life in both personal and professional situations.