Part 4 - Motor circuitry development

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The Science of Training Young Athletes

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University of Florida

The Science of Training Young Athletes

192 notes

Seventy percent of kids drop out of sports before their high school graduation. Only 15% leave because they feel they are not good enough. Almost 70% leave because they were not having fun, or due to problems with the coach. Injuries cause 30% to give up sports. This course is packed full of practical sports science information that provide youth coaches and parents with the practical pediatric sports science insights to successfully retain young athletes and develop their sport potential while avoiding injury and overtraining. We begin by examining the multidimensional nature of coaching, the relevant sport motor performance abilities, the impact of growth and development on motor skills, the gene versus practice controversy, and briefly overview the body structures strengthened through training. Then we explore the athlete's energy supply, where this energy comes from, and how it matures along with the athlete. Finally, we examine the development of strength, power, anaerobic capacity, coordination and flexibility through the life span. The optional text manual for this course is available at: http://www.learnitez.com/HighPerformanceScience/manuals/

À partir de la leçon

Week 2: Strategies for maximizing the athlete’s potential

Many factors can positively and negatively impact the young athlete’s ability to optimize their sports potential. In this section we examine strategies for ensuring the athlete’s systematic long-term sports development and how to mold the correct sport-specific phenotype.

Part 1 - Introduction to critical training periods1:58

Part 2 - Ontogeny7:59

Part 3 - Development and environment6:39

Part 4 - Motor circuitry development5:40

Part 5 - Periods of accelerated growth6:58

Part 6 - Key points of critical training periods3:57

Rencontrer les enseignants

Dr. Chris Brooks
Instructor
Coaching Science Coordinator for USA Track and Field

The research is fairly clear on a few things.

Brain circuits, important for sport performance,

for example, develop at different times.

And this impacts the appropriate

introduction of specific forms of training.

The general window for opportunity for

most gross motor skills is between birth and around five years of age.

Movement experiences during this period

lay down the brain circuits dedicated to motor control.

These circuits connect the cerebellum that receives information

from the sensory systems, from the spinal cord and from other parts of the brain,

and then regulates the motor movements such as posture, balance and

coordination, resulting in a smooth and balanced muscular activity.

Before age five, different movement experiences have

a really strong impact on early brain development and motor control.

And this I believe is fairly well established.

Now the windows of opportunity for fine motor control typically follow the peak

in gross motor development, and is open until around nine years of age.

Movement experiences during this time period develop the primary

circuits needed for learning the type of sports skills requiring

high degree of hand and foot and limb dexterity and coordination.

The general window of opportunity for attaining reasonable

proficiency in most motor abilities narrows around ten years of age.

And the ability of the child to easily learn more complex

motor skills after ten years of age,

we flex the experiences that began prior to age ten.

And when we examine the period of accelerated development of motor

performance abilities, we see that they're occurring in two different phases.

One period occurs before puberty and is related to the chronological age related

enhancement in neuromuscular efficiency, due to the maturing nervous system.

And we talked about these nervous system maturations in the previous module.

The second phase occurs during and after puberty,

with our increases in hormone levels and

muscle fibers type develops and there are changes in the muscle mass.

Movement exposure during the naturally occurring growth and

maturation before puberty is analogous to putting the throttle for

developing future athletic talent halfway down.

Theoretically the addition of a wide variety

of movement exposures during these naturally occurring accelerating

periods of growth pushes the throttle closer to the floor.

And this further accelerates and

enhances motor development beyond what might have occurred naturally.

Now it's not possible to raise the athlete's genetic ceiling through these

movement exposures during these prepubescent acceleration windows.

However exposure during these sensitivity windows potentially optimizes,

or perhaps even enhances, the structural growth and

therefore, noted performance abilities.

And this potentially allows the athlete to more

easily reach their genetic potential after puberty.

Enriched environment exposures could

also permit athletes to reach their genetic potential sooner,

providing a fully developed athlete with a longer time for maximal sport performance.

That is five years instead of three years.

And whether this effect occurs or not is not known and

requires additional research.

Okay, so returning to the leg stiffness research, there are two possible

explanations for why we see a period of decline in leg stiffness and

other motor performance abilities right before puberty.

This is the body may have insufficient energy to concurrently manage

both sexual maturation and improvements in motor performance abilities.

That is the brain can't multitask.

And second, the body needs to direct all its resources to building

structures from maturation.

And when the maturational structure building phase is completed,

resources then are redirected back to improving structures necessary for

the motor abilities, so they match the new maturational level of the body.

In essence, motor abilities accelerate in order to catch

up to the child's enhanced physical growth and sexual maturation.

Aggressively enhancing motor abilities inside the appropriate

sensitivity window potentially stimulates an even higher growth of

the structures that will enhance the specific motor ability.

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