In the last video, I talked about income transfers in the form of social insurance. Transfers that are money from one generation to another, from people that are healthy to people who are struggling with illness or disability, and for people that are unemployed. And these systems are usually based on work people have paid in, and this we call a social insurance system. Today, in this lecture, I want to talk about the public aid system. So the public aid system is public aid for the poor. And it's often called welfare, this is the program that many people associate with social welfare, in social policy entirely that we think of it as welfare. So public aid programs are means tested. So we measure how much income you have and how much wealth you have to determine if you are poor. And so that would be something that's in common of all public aids programs. We have public aid programs for families and children, and the largest of which is called TANF, Transitional Assistance to Needy Families. And we'll talk more about that in section four in course four. But there's also families that have children that have different levels of ability get support and there are other smaller programs. And then we have programs for poor adults, this sometimes is called general assistance or public aid, and so this is cash that's given to people that are poor. Now this often interacts with people who are disabled. So people who are poor and have significant issues of disability. These can be mental or physical, they can be substance abuse connected, but they're people who do not have the capacity to support themselves. So another part of the public aid system is the food and nutrition part, it includes SNAP, the Food Stamp system, and then the school lunch system. All of which are for people that are means tested and found to be poor. We provide housing subsidies to people that are poor through section eight, vouchers and other voucher programs and through public housing. And so, again, you have to establish that your income and your wealth is below certain levels. And then we provide student aid, and that includes loans that are income tested. The federal Pell Grants and other programs as well, where you have to demonstrate that your income is below a certain level. So public aid programs are controversial, they get us involved in a value debate. Are people being honest? Are people doing the best what they can to support themselves? Are they creating dependency? Is there fraud in the programs? We will take these topics up in much more detail in course number four, but it's one of the major debates in the social welfare system. It turns out that public aid is much smaller than the first three sections that we're talking about, healthcare, education, and social insurance, but there's strong feelings about this.