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Video 6.2: Changing Knowledge, Practices and Perceptions

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Water Supply and Sanitation Policy in Developing Countries Part 1: Understanding Complex Problems

Université de Manchester

4.5 (98 notes) | 6.7K étudiants inscrits

Our course explores what can be done to solve the complex problem that half a billion people worldwide do not have improved water supplies and two billion do not have improved sanitation. We look forward to you joining us. We want to help you develop the skills you need to address this major global challenge of the 21st century. Our course has informative video lectures and guest interviews with leading water policy scholars and practitioners. We will provide you with discussion forum topic prompts, which will invite you to engage with other learners from around the globe. Our MOOC will also ask you to attempt weekly quizzes and a challenging assignment that tackles a real water and sanitation problem in a difficult setting. Please watch this trailer: https://youtu.be/Q-HmaCZNd0k

Visualiser le programme de cours

Avis

4.5 (98 notes)

5 stars
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JB

Apr 08, 2018

all good content, though the formatting in the submission box limited, would prefer to just submit PDFs. Other than that, I got a lot out of it. .\n\nThanks

QK

Mar 07, 2019

Very useful, I understood how governments and private agencies works positively and negatively for water and sanitation projects.

À partir de la leçon

Development Paths for Water and Sanitation Services

Video 6.0: Possible Solutions to the Water Development Paths Exercise5:26

Video 6.1: A Historical Development Path – UK, London and Manchester25:56

Video 6.2: Changing Knowledge, Practices and Perceptions15:04

Video 6.3: Path Dependency15:11

Video 6.4: Changing Course27:40

Video 6.5: Capital intensity (England and Wales)11:49

Video 6.6: Conversation with Marie Hart28:08

Video 6.7: Wrap-up and Reflections4:50

Enseigné par

Prof Dale Whittington
Professor
Dr Duncan Thomas
Lecturer

Transcription

[BLANK_AUDIO]

In this video we're going to continue

looking at the UK's water development path.

We're going to go a little bit beyond the simple

science, politics, implementation framing we used in the previous video.

We're going to look at changing knowledge, practices, and perceptions.

This is going to involve looking at the historical emergence of some

institutions, laws, and regulations for water supply and sanitation in the UK.

We'll also look at how some long standing features

of the UK provided a foundation for the later changes.

To pick up on our story we'll return to our non linear graph from

the previous video that shows the populations

of inner and outer London over time.

I've marked here a recap of the periods and developments we've already

discussed, so that we can position what we're going to talk about next.

One of the sources of revenue I mentioned in

the previous video that helped to fund the massive

piped sewer system investment of the 19th century in

the UK was a rateable value charge on households.

This is a property based tax that requires payments from

householders based on some measure of the value of their property.

This property value-based system of charging for water and sanitation services

has remained in use in the UK right until the present time.

On average, across England and Wales, only 40% of households have a water meter.

The metering penetration rates do vary from

region to region, depending on how much the

private water company in that region has

pursued a water meter installation program or not.

But at any rate there are still many households

in this country charged on the basis of unmetered usage.

And for this a property value proxy is used to calculate the water bills.

This kind of property based charging for water is

not possible in some other parts of the wold.

Its presence in the UK itself is a bit of an oddity.

It's another one of the outlier features of the

UK that are referred to in the previous video.

In the UK this property-based tax link to water

and sanitation dates back to around the 16th century.

This is according to research done

by University of Manchester professor Jean Shaoul.

In 1555 a Highways Act legislation taxed local parishees to

pay for the clearance of poorly drained highways in their area.

Water-logged highways were seen to hinder

transport and [UNKNOWN], so properties along

highways were taxed to pay for draining the roads to make them clear.

This reform also has its roots in Henry VIII issues with the church, and how

he dissolved monasteries and transferred land to

the gentry that become beholden to the crown.

This was from about 1536 to 1541, before the Highways Act.

Another early foundation in the UK that helped later water supply

and sanitation planning was the early practice of rainfall data collection.

From about the 1700s this was done in a non-systematic way,

mainly by enthusiasts such as invid, individual members of the clergy.

From about 1800 this became more standardized, with proper

records being kept by both clergy and some amateur scientists.

Later, in 1919, a national rainfall monitoring service was

begun as a spin-off of the Air Ministry's meteorological office.

And this is the precursor to our modern day Met Office in the

UK that's now heavily involved in weather and de, climate data collection matters.

Similarly, the UK has had a census to provide population

data for a variety of uses, including later water resource planning.

This is from about 1801.

The UK has also had early water quality regulation.

A royal commission in 1827 had looked at water quality complaints.

This was part of the background to the UK's first ever

minimum water quality standards in the 1852 Metropolis Water Act covering London.

This required the water supply companies in

London to provide, quote, pure and wholesome water.

This was the act in fact that banned extraction of water for drinking from

the river Thames for, around about 1855 that I mentioned in the previous video.

And interestingly, this restriction on water supply sources into London remained

in force for about 150 years, until the 2003 Water Act.

A series of supplementary legi, legislation came with

later acts in 1871, 1897, 1899 and 1902.

Another development that underpinned water supply and sanitation planning of the

19th century in the UK was consolidation in the water utility system.

From about the 16th century onwards private water companies operated in

London authorized by various licences,

charters, and sometimes acts of Parliament.

There had been some consolidation of these private companies

so that there were about six major ones by 1830.

From 1903, under the 1902 Metropolis Water

Act, the existing private water utility undertakings were

compulsorily purchased by the state and brought

under the control of a city-wide public board.

Local authorities nominated members to go on this board, up to about 60 people.

This board actually remained in force until it was

turned into the regional Thames Water Authority in 1974,

which later became the London private water company that

we know now, Thames Water, after privatization in 1989.

In addition to these changing conditions that

specifically relate to water and sanitation in

the dynamic baseline in the UK's water

development path, there were other developments underway.

This is a photo of a slum tenement in Glasgow, Scotland in 1868.

You'll recall from Dale's discussion in last week's

materials how in the United States slums were

demolished and housing rebuilt when water and sanitation

infrastructure was provided there in the 19th century.

The same happened in the UK.

This Glasgow slum was regarded as one of the worst in Britain at the time.

Rapid population growth and industrialization had led to overcrowding.

This photograph was taken just before these tenements were demolished.

It's now history, part of the Welcome Library's collection in London.

But it shows that housing reform was part

of the ongoing transformation in the UK's development path.

Expectations and provision of housing conditions had changed.

Next we'll see how views on hygiene and cleanliness changed too.

The illustration here shows a several stories high so

called Great Dust Heap at King's Cross, London in 1837.

It's fascinating to think that this was only a 20 or so minute

walk north from the Houses of Parliament, right in the center of London.

And this dust heap was an economic activity.

People were making a living off this waste recycling.

It was estimated to be worth thousands of British pounds at the time.

That's over 100,000 pounds in British current money.

This was before it was removed in 1848

to assist in the rebuilding of Moscow, Russia.

This is according to an account published in

1850, traced by the Welcome Library's recent dirt exhibition.

An unprotected accumulation of dirt, waste, and rubble

like this right in the center of a heavily

populated urban area was acceptable in the mid-19th

century, but became unthinkable only a few decades later.

Why is that?

Well, views about dirt, hygiene and cleanliness had

undergone a major and most likely irreversible transformation.

Again, Professor Frank Geels traces this change from urban filth being seen as a

nuisance that had to be tolerated to

being understood to be a significant health hazard.

So what had changed?

Well there was a new ideology of sorts about cleanliness.

It was associated with respectability and civilization.

Throughout both the United States and the UK in the 19th century there

was a kind of ideology of progress, and cleanliness became part of that.

There was also an established hygiene movement.

This saw the emergence of sanitarians and

engineers directly, professionally concerned with health, as we've

touched upon in the last video with people like John Snow and Sir Edwin Chadwick.

There were also new medical theories about microbes,

and a shift towards washing and washing with soap.

These new ideas had the support of the

middle classes in the UK, and there was pressure

for change reflected in popular journals, newspapers, product

adverts for soap and the like, and so on.

There were also, of course, changes in voting rights over this period in the

19th century that enabled people to make

a little bit more influence over political projects.

And there was significant political interest in, and publications about,

the conditions of the poor, again according to Frank Geels' work.

So how was this new knowledge and new attitude reflected in practice?

Well, the images here show new practices.

Public streets were disinfected and cleaned from hand or horse drawn tanks.

The image on the left shows London, with two disinfectors dressed in white clothes

pulling a tank from which disinfectant would

have been pumped onto the streets of London.

But notice the well dressed supervisor watching on.

The picture on the right show St Louis in the United States.

And here the streets are being flushed just with water.

This is similar to photos I've seen of horse drawn water

tanks being used to wash streets around Manchester around this time.

A new pride in cleanliness and hygiene was also seen, I

think, in the grandeur of the sewage pumping stations that were

built to help carry the waste away from the new late

19th century interceptor sewers that we've talked about in the previous video.

Here's an illustration of the sewage pumping station that was

built in Abbey Mills, east of the center of London.

It was part of Joseph Bazalgette's sewers program,

and it was built from around 1865 to 1868.

Abbey Mills took the sewage that ran from the interceptor

that was along the North side of the river Thames.

And this illustration here is from 1868.

Abbey Mills became known as a cathedral of sewage.

It's quite grand, isn't it?

And here's an illustration of the inside of Abbey Mills.

Notice the well dressed gentry taking a tour.

Here's how Abbey Mills looks today from the outside.

And here's how it looks on the inside nowadays.

These photos in fact where taken by

one of our University Manchester colleagues, Paul Dobraszczyk.

Modern day Abbey Mills, now abandoned and no longer in use, has

actually also been used as a film location for various Hollywood productions.

Batman Begins from 2005 used the Abbey Mills interior

as the setting for part of its fictional Arkham Asylum.

Across the south side of the river Thames,

another sewage pumping station was built at Crossness.

Crossness took the sewage from the new counterpart interceptor sewer

that ran along the south side of the river Thames.

And there was also a third pumping station

built closer to the center of London, at Deptford.

This helped pump the sewage onwards to Crossness that's further out to the east.

But the Deptford pumping station no longer exists.

After being abandoned around the mid-1950s, Crossness has

actually since been part of a restoration effort.

Since 1987 the Crossness Engines Trust has organized many volunteers and one

public grant funding to restore the

building and make it available for visitors.

And it's quite remarkable but Peter Bazalgette, the great, great

grandson of Sir Joseph Bazalgette who led London's sewer system

building program, is actually the president of this Crossness Engines

Trust that is working to restore the Crossness pumping station.

Here's an illustration of the inside of Crossness.

It's being opened by, in 1865 by the Prince of Wales.

I wonder, would UK royalty open a modern sewage facility in the UK?

Perhaps.

But at Crossness, the large and powerful

Joseph Bazalgette designed steam engines that lifted

and pumped the sewage on to sea

outfalls from Crossness were even named after royalty.

The four steam engines were named Victoria,

Prince Consort, Albert Edward, that's the name of

Prince of Wales in this photo, and

Alexandra, the Princess of Wales at the time.

I'd say this was a pretty good sign of

the perceived significance of London's 19th century sewer building program.

Here are some current shots of the interior of Crossness,

with visitors taking a tour now that it's undergone restoration.

Nowadays I'm sure the kind of external and internal ornamentation we see at both of

these 19th century sites, Abbey Mills and Crossness,

will be thought of as gold-plating your assets.

And remember, these were both just sewage pumping stations.

They lifted and pumped the sewage out for discharge

to sea via outfalls east of the center of London.

They didn't actually treat sewage.

The technology to do that only came decades later, and

we'll hear about that in a later video this week.

I think it's interesting that we can actually put this idea about a new pride

in water and sanitation related cleanliness and

hygiene in the 19th century to the test.

And show that in some ways it was a passing set of attitudes.

That's because if we jump ahead in our UK water development path for just a moment,

we can look at the modern day incarnations

of Abbey Mills and Crossness to test our point.

So here is modern day Abbey Mills pumping station, built some years ago

to replace the abandoned cathedral of sewage as part of Thames Water's network.

It's not half as grand, is it?

And here is modern day Crossness Sewage Pumping Station.

Again, like the new Abbey Mills, no longer overtly grand or ornate.

Interestingly, reflecting further changes to knowledge, attitudes and practices,

at Crossness the water utility Thames Water now burns

sludge generated from treatment processes to create enough renewable

energy to power this site so that it's self sufficient.

Taking another quick example from outside London, we can in fact suggest just how

far attitudes and practices have changed about

the public prominence of water and sanitation infrastructure.

The photos here show a clean water membrane treatment plant.

This is part of the infrastructure of

northwest of England private water utility, United Utilities.

Well, where is the plant, you might well ask.

It's actually inside these buildings, and it's been designed to look like a

typical farmhouse building from the rural location

of the north of England Lake District.

This is an area with heritage-related and planning permission issues of course.

But to make this water treatment plant blend

into the landscape in this way would have

had quite a significant additional cost over the

price of a typical works of this kind.

Through our historical UK water development path

story so far, in this video and

the last video, we've seen a public

pride and celebration of water and sanitation infrastructure.

We've seen that the Great Conduit in London was made to flow with wine.

We've seen a cathedral of sewage at Abbey Mills.

And the plant at Crossness was opened by royalty.

Looking now at their current day counterparts, what do you think

this says about how much knowledge, attitudes and practices have changed?

In the next video we're going to look at another aspect

of the historical UK water development path that we've been following.

This is path dependency, or in other

words, the current consequences and constraints from past

decisions that in a way embedded certain parameters

and priorities into the water and sanitation infrastructure.

And these are no easy matter to reconsider or redirect to get the

system to meet new society expectations that

have emerged at national and global levels.

Thanks for watching this video.

[BLANK_AUDIO]

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