COURSE DESCRIPTION This course provides an introduction to the most powerful engineering principles you will ever learn - Thermodynamics: the science of transferring energy from one place or form to another place or form. We will introduce the tools you need to analyze energy systems from solar panels, to engines, to insulated coffee mugs. More specifically, we will cover the topics of mass and energy conservation principles; first law analysis of control mass and control volume systems; properties and behavior of pure substances; and applications to thermodynamic systems operating at steady state conditions. COURSE FORMAT The class consists of lecture videos, which average 8 to 12 minutes in length. The videos include integrated In-Video Quiz questions. There are also quizzes at the end of each section, which include problems to practice your analytical skills that are not part of video lectures. There are no exams. GRADING POLICY Each question is worth 1 point. A correct answer is worth +1 point. An incorrect answer is worth 0 points. There is no partial credit. You can attempt each quiz up to three times every 8 hours, with an unlimited number of total attempts. The number of questions that need to be answered correctly to pass are displayed at the beginning of each quiz. Following the Mastery Learning model, students must pass all 8 practice quizzes with a score of 80% or higher in order to complete the course. ESTIMATED WORKLOAD If you follow the suggested deadlines, lectures and quizzes will each take approximately ~3 hours per week each, for a total of ~6 hours per week. TARGET AUDIENCE Basic undergraduate engineering or science student. FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS - What are the prerequisites for taking this course? An introductory background (high school or first year college level) in chemistry, physics, and calculus will help you be successful in this class. -What will this class prepare me for in the academic world? Thermodynamics is a prerequisite for many follow-on courses, like heat transfer, internal combustion engines, propulsion, and gas dynamics, to name a few. -What will this class prepare me for in the real world? Energy is one of the top challenges we face as a global society. Energy demands are deeply tied to the other major challenges of clean water, health, food resources, and poverty. Understanding how energy systems work is key to understanding how to meet all these needs around the world. Because energy demands are only increasing, this course also provides the foundation for many rewarding professional careers.
08.03 - Carbon Reserves and Global Warming
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En provenance du cours de University of Michigan
Introduction to Thermodynamics: Transferring Energy from Here to There
491 notes
University of Michigan
491 notes
À partir de la leçon
Week 8
In this module, we have a brief discussion of energy carriers – including fossil fuels and battery materials. These lectures highlight the thermodynamic properties of these energy carriers and storage materials that make these systems so attractive and at the same time, so difficult to replace. As this is our last module of the course, I hope you have enjoyed this Introduction to Thermodynamics and that you have learned some new skills. Good luck on all your adventures in energy systems!,
Rencontrer les enseignants
Margaret Wooldridge, Ph.D.Arthur F. Thurnau Professor
Mechanical Engineering, Aerospace Engineering
Welcome back. Now many of you might have thought, true,
that fossil fuel reserves are scarce, because there's been a lot of
conversation in the past decade or so about oil peaking.
We'll talk about that in this segment specifically.
But in reality the fossil fuel reserves are actually pretty extensive.
So if you look at global reserves to production ratios, so that's the R to P
ratio that you see in this figure, they're project over 40 years for oil, 60
years for gas, and 160 years for coal. The error bars g/ in those are huge.
And that's primarily, you might think to yourself, why?
Why is it hard for us to understand how many preserves are left in production.
One is of course, that we've already discussed, is that production is
increasing and it's increasing in some ways that are very predictable, and some
ways that are not. but the reserves are what's tricky
because there's a rate of new discovery which is declining particularly for oil.
But in addition to that, there are new technologies and new methods.
Take, for example, multi-lateral drilling, which has really opened oil and
natural gas extraction dramatically in the past ten years that weren't
predictable. That were-, that people didn't realize
that those technologies would come online.
So the reserves number is uhs, changing all the time as well as the production
number. But globally, we have hundreds of years
of use predicted in each of the major fossil fuel carriers, oil, natural gas,
and coal. In the US alone, they predict over ten
years for oil, ten years for gas, and over 200 years for coal.
In China, the predictions are over hundreds of years for coal.
So what does that mean? And what does it mean in particular for
energy carriers? Well, let's take a look at some of the
specifics here. So, in this figure you see these are a
couple of figures out of the department of energy in the United States.
They provide an annual energy review. These are freely accessible.
And I grabbed these from the 2005 version of the Department of Energy, Energy
Information Association, they update them.
They're a little bit behind. So they'll be probably up to maybe 2007,
2008 now. So you can get some new data.
But the trends are pretty consistent. So what you're looking at are two figures
for oil and natural gas. And you see the reserves.
In this case for oil, it's given in billions of barrels.
In the case of natural gas, they're given trillions of cubic feet.
The dark black are the reserves, the grey are the production and then the white is
the consumption. And then you can see in the US, as we are
net consumers. The United States has been a net consumer
for a number of years, is predicted to be a net consumer.
For years to come, for oil. Natural gas, you can see again in 2005
the US was a net consumer of natural gas. With fracking, this has changed
dramatically, and so you can see the shift from being a net consumer to a net
producer. So that's made a dramatic shift in both
the cost of natural gas and the production and consumption of natural gas
in the United States. OPEC is of course the middle east
association of countries and so you see of course that as you would expect that
the majority of oil reserves are located in OPEC.
And then you have the rest of the world shown in the last set of bar graphs on
each of these two figures. But what it comes down to is with the
exception of OPEC the rest of the world, the United States, are pretty much net
consumers or oil and natural gas. If you broaden this definition to energy
in general, you'll find that the majority of the countries in the world are net
importers are energy. There are very few but there are some key
exceptions and those are kind of fun to think about, what would be the attributes
of a country that is a net producer of energy?
And I'll give you that as a teaser. Go look those things up.
That's kind of fun. So this is oil and natural gas.
And again in the United States coal reserves as of 2003.
Had demonstrated over 500, or close to 500 trillion short tons.
Now, if you take that code, there are a number of different methods that we can
use to extract or convert that energy from the solid phase of coal in to a
liquid fuel. And generally this discussion is
associated with the transportation sector because the transportation sector is
dominated by liquid fuels and in particular, its dominated by oil.
Some of the majority of the energy carrier in the transportation sector
comes from oil. Converse is not also true.
Oil is not exclusively used in the transportation sector, oil is also used a
number of different applications, including agricultural, refining.
Plastic products etc, but transportation sectors dominated by use of oil and oil
drive liquid fumes. If you could take all that coal in the
Unites States and convert it into liquid fumes you can get about 1 trillion
barrels of liquid fumes. So we could convert these carriers
around. Convert them from, let's say, one form to
another. And use that in different sectors.
So it gives you some idea of what we're talking about here.
Some idea of what the scales are. So, let's keep going.
So these are the conventional fossil fuels: oil, natural gas, and coal.
Let's talk about the alternatives. These are still fossil fuel feed stocks,
and we're hearing more and more about them.
Again, we hear a lot about fracking in the United States but that's pretty much
natural gas, so that's not very unusual. Global demand for petroleum, let's anchor
ourselves, let's give ourselves a reference, is about 170 quad BTUs.
So that's about 170 times 10 to the 15 quad, as we remember quad is about 10 to
the 15 BTU. A barrel of oil has about 6 times 10 to
the 6 BTU of energy equivalent in that barrel of oil.
The alternative fossil fuel feed stocks include oil sands.
And oil sands are exactly what the name implies, which essentially is petroleum
that's been soaked in sand. And in the United States alone, we have
over 80 billion barrels of equivalent in oil sand located predominantly in Utah
but also in Alaska, Texas, California and Tennessee.
Oil shale is a mineable ore or rock, rich in organics and hydrocarbon.
So it's heavier in a molecular weight way.
It's heavier in, in terms of just processing.
The US has 2.1 trillion barrels equivalent of energy in oil shale.
The catch is most of these deposits are located in the Rocky Mountains.
Which includes Utah, Wyoming, Montana and they are in very close proximity to the
US National Parks and in particular, the Grand Tetons and Yellowstone.
So, personally, I hope we leave these fuels in the ground as, again, they are
very specifically located to the national parks.
And you can get into the geologic reasons as to why.
Yellowstone is also a great geothermal reserve.
Again, I'm very hopeful that we will not tap in to that access because of the
beauty of the national parks. Okay.
The Canadian oil sands, which are located in Athabasca, Canada, are the world's
single largest hydrocarbon resource. We are mining.
We, the royal we, which is everybody in the world.
Canada, specifically is mining the oil sands.
And in the United States a significant amount of the oil that we import comes
from the Canadian oil sands. That extraction process, I can tell you
is very environmentally invasive. requires a lot of water in order to
process those oil sands. There's about 2.5 trillion barrels of
oil, presumed again, these are estimates, located in the oil sands.
Only about 12% of that is considered recoverable with today's technology.
This is again why you see these variability in the recoverable versus
the... Known resources for the fossil fuels
because again this is how much we can get right now I guarantee you the number is
going to go up, it's not going to go down.
What does that mean? We have 2.5 trillion barrels of oil
located in the sands. If you could access the oil sands, you
could meet the global demand for oil for over 60 years.
Now, I just used a simple calculation. I didn't include, you know, population
increase, which is significant as we know, but we're still talking over six
decades of oil use out of just that resource.
Okay, so that's a lot of oil, let's keep going.
This is considered a non traditional or alternative feed stock fossil fuel.
I guess this would be a good way of describing it.
Now let's consider the methane hydrates. The methane hydrates are methane
essentially locked in the ice at the bottom of the ocean.
Off the eastern seaboard of the United States.
The methane hydrates have been estimated at over 20 quadrillion cubic meters.
This is over 3,000 times the proven natural gas reserves.
Mind you, they're located over a mile deep on the ocean floor.
These are In excess of most of what we've demonstrated in terms of deep ocean
drilling. 20 quadrillion cubic meters of natural
gas reserves is about 60 trillion barrels of oil equivalent.
The energy content of the methane hydrate reserves could meet the global demand for
oil for over 15 hundred years. The methane hydrates is methane
physically bound into like an ice form located off the eastern coast, the
eastern seaboard of the United States on the ocean floor...
The methane hydrates the energy content, and the physical amount is estimated at
21 quadrillion cubic meters. That's over 3,000 times the proven
natural gas reserves. That's essentially almost 60 trillion
barrels of oil equivalent, in terms of energy equivalent.
The methane hydrate reserves could meet the global demand for oil for over 1,500
years. Again, I just did a simple energy
equivalent calculation, so I didn't scale for population growth or increased energy
demand on a person basis. But it's still staggering, the number is
staggering. If we consider all energy sectors oil,
coal, fossil fuel, renewables the methane hydrate reserves content allow could met
all energy needs for over 300 years. There's a huge amount of energy trapped
or contained within the methane hydrates. However, they're located, again, over
mile deep on the ocean for off the eastern seaboard.
And this would require extracting the methane hydrates, would require a
demonstration of a lot of new technology. This is deep water drilling.
This is a hydrate, which is very different than oil.
It's under a lot of pressure right now. And it's very cold because it's located
on the ocean floor that hydrates and extracting would bring these fluids.
They're not really fluids, but would bring this material up to atmospherhic
pressure. Which would be a low pressure and a
warming condition. Methane, as we'll discuss in just a few
moments or actually in the next segment is actually a very high global warming
potential gas. So there are a lot of technological
concerns. There are a lot of ecological concerns
associated with extracting the methane hydrates.
So again, if we look at fossil fuel, both traditional and non-traditional or
alternative fossil fuels, there are a lot of fossil fuel reserves around the world.
They are not scarce. And if we are going to use scarcity as a
driver for changing our behavior from proving efficiencies are the way we use
energy, It's not going to happen. That's not a good motivation for change,
because we're never going to be driven by scarcity if these numbers are accurate.
So instead, I want you to think about two things which we'll discuss next time.
The use of these fuels comes at a very high environmental and ecological impact.
What would be that cost. And I don't mean the monetary cost.
What do you think the cost is associated with extrating these alternative fossil
fuels. And we'll discuss that next time.
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