[MUSIC] In this video, we're going to just very quickly run through a biofuels case study. So imagine that there is a region that has historically relied on first generation biofuels such as palm oil. Palm oil, of course, is used. Palm oil, of course, is also used in foods. So it evokes the food versus fuel debate and is grown on land, it could be used to generate other food crops. The region is interested in reducing its use of palm oil as a biofuel and as such, in a new technology, similar to that described by Steen et al in your readings, in which an engineered E coli can produce FAEEs using glucose as the only carbon source. But there's now a tremendous demand for glucose. So, in thinking about this case study, let's start with the glucose. So, where is that glucose going to come from? So, it could, for example, come from sugar cane. But then that doesn't really solve the problem of trying to get away from the first generation biofuels or the food versus fuel debate. Would existing food crops be displaced to develop land for glucose production? If that land isn't available or the appropriate environment isn't available locally to produce, for example sugar cane or another glucose source that production could go elsewhere. But this brings up an existing concern about the use of land and resources in the global south to produce biofuels to serve demand in the global north and brings up issues associated with, for example, environmental justice, which we will come back to in later videos. If the land necessary to produce whatever crop is going to give you the glucose isn't existing arable land, would wild lands be cleared to make that room? And if so, what would the impacts of that be on biodiversity on the livelihoods of anyone who might use those wild lands for other purposes, etc? Who are the stakeholders to this decision, right? So the farmers who would be either in the global, or in this region or elsewhere, who would own that land on which the crop is being produced to generate the glucose to serve, to develop the new biofuel? What would the conditions of that farm agreement be? What are the distributions of risks and benefits of the development of this biofuel between the farmers, for example, and the consumers of the fuel? And what are the overall economic and environmental benefits and risks? And again, how are those distributed? So in thinking about a case like this, you want to think about not just the issues of cost and efficiency and the environmental impact of the, Burning of that fuel but of all of the stakeholders who will be impacted by the development, the life cycle of that biofuel from production through use. And then what are the interests and concerns of those stakeholders?