Then we go into UMTS, Universal Mobile Telecommunication Systems. This is now entering third generation. The evolution of GSM technology was used in UMTS. This is good. Having an evolution is good because if your technology is an evolution of the former technology, then when you go into a mobile area, a cellular communication area, that can support UMTS, that's great. But what if you UMTS was not installed in the overall area of the cellular region? What if it was only installed in the high density, highly populated areas? And the other areas, that are less populated, had the former 2G technology? Either IS-95 or GSM. Then having a protocol on evolution of former technology means that, when you don't have UMTS then if your device can find a GSM connectivity, it will use GSM. But when it goes into an area that UMTS is available, then it will use UMTS instead of GSM. That is the option you have, and that's really good, and you get this from having your protocol, you can get it from me having your standard, an evolution of a former standard. We call this back compatibility. It's wonderful. Of course, in your phone that you're using right now there are these back compatibility options as well. UTRA is a supporting technology of UMTS, where it is UMTS terrestrial radio access which supports several different terrestrial air interfaces. Multi-user access in UTRA can be supported by UTRA, FTD and TDD. FTD stands for frequency division duplex and TDD stands for time division duplex. This is a more advanced technology than FDMA and TDMA. Meaning that FDMA advancements are shown in FDD and TDMA advancements are shown in TDD. Then, we have Wideband Code Division Multiple Access, WCDMA. This is a third-generation mobile cellular system that uses UTRA-FDD mode. It is based on the 3GPP release 99 standard and it can send up to two megabits per second data rate. As you can see, now that we entered the third-generation standard, before we were at tens of kilobits per second of data rate that we could do, but now that we enter 3G third-generation mobile cellular communication, we are now seeing data rates at megabits per second levels, this is great. So, we are now in a new dimension of data connectivity. The first commercial WCDMA opened in Japan in 2001. Seamless mobility for voice and packet data applications were supported, quality of service differentiation for high efficiency of service delivery was enabled and simultaneous voice and data support was possible. These two components are very important. Meaning that quality of service differentiation means that if you have a user that needs to have a higher data rate or a better quality of service, then it will be able to support it. This new technology enables you to control, to give priority or give better services to a specific user using a certain application. In addition, it supports voice and data together at the same time, meaning that you can send data and voice together. Meaning that during a phone call you can receive text messages and things like that and that's really good. It interworks with existing GSM networks. This back-compatibility of course comes from that WCDMA is a evolution of GSM technology. In addition, it is backwards-compatible which is really needed. CDMA 2000 is a third-generation mobile cellular system, it was standard by 3GPP2. We'd seen 3GPP on the former page, which is the third Generation Partnership project. This is the group that standardized third-generation mobile cellular communication, and there is a version two of this standard here, CDMA 2000 is an evolution of IS-95 CDMA1. It uses CDMA and TDMA. CDMA is code division multiple access. The wideband CDMA on the former slides was why ban because the bandwidth given for CDMA technology was wider than five megahertz. Here if it's narrower than five megahertz, we just call it CDMA and this is what this technology uses. Initially, it was used in North America and South Korea. We then, have 1xEV-DO added onto CDMA 2000. EV-DO stands for Evolution Data Optimized, meaning that we are trying to add on an optimized data communication technology as an evolution of CDMA 2000. It enables 2.4 megabits per second of a data rate across the mobile cellular network. Here it was launched in South Korea in January of 2002. Looking into further details, this is regarded as the first 3G system based on ITU standards. In other words, in order to become and be acknowledged as a formal 2G, 3G, 4G or 5G technology, then you need to be certified and in that certification there are certain levels of performance in data rate and other features that you need to satisfy. Based on that, when it comes to third-generation mobile cellular phone technology CDMA 2000 1xEV-DO was the first device technology that was officially certified by the ITU, that this is performing at a level of third-generation requirements. The ITU stands for International Telecommunication Union. This is the specialized agency for information and communication technology of the United Nations. Now, among the ITU agency there is a dash T sector for telecommunications standardization. That is why when you see third generation, fourth generation or fifth generation technology, you will see it ITU-T standardized or ITU-T approve certified will be the terminology that you'll see, and therefore it will be ITU with a dash T.