5.7 Gestion intégrée des eaux en milieu urbain

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En provenance du cours de École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne

Planification et Design de Systèmes et Technologies d’Assainissement

80 notes

École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne

Planification et Design de Systèmes et Technologies d’Assainissement

80 notes

Désirez-vous apprendre à mettre en œuvre des solutions d’assainissement abordables et adaptées à différents contextes ? Voulez-vous connaître les derniers développement dans le domaine de la planification de l’assainissement urbain ? Êtes-vous intéressés par des exemples de systèmes d’assainissement urbain qui fonctionnent dans les pays à faible et moyen revenu ? Si oui, alors ce cours est pour vous ! Le cours débute par une introduction à la planification intégrée de l’assainissement et adresse aussi bien la planification à l’échelle de la ville que la planification dans des contextes spécifiques tels que les quartiers informels. Après un survol des différentes approches de planification de l’assainissement, vous aurez l’occasion de passer en revue les différents systèmes et technologies possibles, la terminologie et concepts clé, et comprendre pourquoi il est crucial de réfléchir en termes de « système intégré » pour la planification de l’assainissement urbain. Le cours couvre toute la chaîne de l’assainissement et fournit de l’information détaillée sur les systèmes d’assainissement adaptés aux contextes à faibles et moyen revenus (par exemple, des systèmes basés sur les fosses sèches, des systèmes décentralisés avec différents réseaux d’égout, le transport des eaux noires). Eawag-Sandec et EPFL offrent ce cours conjointement avec des experts en assainissement de la Banque Mondiale et de l’OMS. SERIE DE MOOC « EAU, ASSAINISSEMENT ET DÉCHETS SOLIDES DANS LES CONTEXTES DU DÉVELOPPEMENT » Ce cours est l’un des quatre cours de la série « Eau, Assainissement et Déchets Solides dans les Contextes du Développement ». VERSION ANGLAISE DE CE COURS Ce cours est offert simultanément en français et en anglais. Le nom du cours en anglais est « Planning & Design of Sanitation Systems and Technologies ».

À partir de la leçon

Outils pour l’assainissement urbain

Durant cette 5ème semaine, nous allons vous présenter différents outils de diagnostic de la situation initiale et d’analyse des arrangements institutionnels et financiers, de changements de comportement, mais aussi l’approche de planification de la gestion de la sécurité sanitaire de l’assainissement de l’OMS et les diagrammes de flux des matières fécales (SFD). Certains outils font l’objet de nouveaux modules ajoutés en février 2017 en collaboration avec le Progamme Eau et Assainissement (WSP) de la Banque Mondiale, et ne sont disponibles qu’en version originale sous-titrée en français.

5.4 Outils d'aide à la décision pour l'assainissement en milieu urbain9:29

5.5 Changements de comportements dans l’assainissement urbain10:31

5.6 Outils d'aide à la décision pour l'assainissement en milieu urbain10:05

5.7 Gestion intégrée des eaux en milieu urbain10:13

5.8 Options institutionnelles et financières pour fournir des services d'assainissement13:57

5.9 Gestion du cycle de projet11:06

5.10 Financement fondé sur les résultats9:55

5.11 Systèmes d'égouts condominiaux14:31

Rencontrer les enseignants

Christoph Lüthi
Dr.
Sanitation, Water and Solid Waste for Development / Eawag

Welcome to the Module on Integrated

Urban Water Management:

Sustainably Managing the Urban Water Cycle.

My name is Lizmara Kirchner, and I am a Senior Water

and Sanitation Specialist with the World Bank Group,

based in Washington, DC.

In this module, we will introduce

some systematic ways to understand

and analyze complex water issues

in urban areas

through integrated urban water management,

a holistic approach to managing the urban water cycle,

which brings diverse actors,

services and sectors together

around common goals for sustainable outcomes.

Integrated Urban Water Management

is an integral component

of sustainable cities and metropolitan areas.

In this module we explore the challenges

in urban water management

and how Integrated Urban Water Management

can contribute with sustainable solutions.

We cover basic concepts,

key principles, common drivers,

and building blocks that can be used to apply

an integrated urban water

management approach in a city.

The world is currently facing an urban water crisis.

54% of the world’s population resides in urban areas,

and by 2050 two thirds of the population in the world

will be living in urban settings,

adding 2.5 billion people to cities,

90% of whom will be in Asia and Africa.

Economic development and rapid urbanization

dramatically increase the demand

for water for municipal,

domestic, industrial,

agricultural, energy, environment

& recreational uses.

Water pollution is increasing

in developing country cities

due to rapid changes in land-use patterns,

inadequate wastewater collection and treatment,

poor solid waste and storm water management

and aging infrastructure.

Climate change imposes

additional stress on urban water sources

due to increased variability

and uncertainty of both floods and droughts.

Traditional approaches to urban water

investments are often fragmented

and frequently unsustainable

since they generally do not take into consideration

the multiple dimensions and cross cutting issues

of urban water management.

Integrated Urban Water Management,

or IUWM, is a flexible,

participatory and iterative process,

which integrates the elements of the urban water cycle,

such as water supply, sanitation, storm water management,

and solid waste management,

within the context of a city’s land use,

urban development and river basin management,

in order to maximize economic,

social and environmental benefits.

IUWM offers a holistic way

of undertaking strategic planning

by considering the management

of competing water uses at the level of the watershed,

while recognizing the needs of the city

as well as those upstream and downstream users.

IUWM takes into account the needs of all users

within the basin

while working across vertical

and horizontal administrative boundaries

in order to overcome

the traditional fragmentation of the Urban Water

Cycle as well as to allow the consideration

and integration of interdependent sectors

both urban and related sectors,

shown in green,

and the different water subsectors,

shown in blue.

International experience shows that the transition

to an integrated urban water management approach

is an incremental process triggered by one

or several drivers that could be:

social, such as population growth and rapid urbanization;

economic, for instance

when there is an urgent need for livable space;

or environmental,

such as water quality issues,

water scarcity or extreme climate events.

Cities in developed countries

have transitioned through these phases,

motivated by socio-political drivers.

Fast-growing cities in developing economies

could ‘leap-frog’ some

or all of these earlier phases

so that they can become water-sensitive cities more quickly,

thus avoiding the mistakes

that developed cities made while following this path.

We will now present practical guidance on building blocks

and potential activities that may be considered

when engaging with a city

under an Integrated Urban Water Management approach.

The activities listed are to be taken

as general guidance,

as their application in each case

will vary depending on local conditions and drivers,

as well as on the city’s experience

in applying an integrated approach,

the level of interest of its key stakeholders,

and their capacity.

Assessments undertaken using

an integrated urban water management framework

should include the evaluation of urban and water

investments over a longer-term period

of 20 to 50 years.

In line with this long-term strategic planning,

specific investment projects

and programs can be designed and implemented

that may deal with a smaller

number of complementary urban

and water interventions.

The main objectives of the engagement

phase are to determine whether:

an Integrated Urban Water Management Approach

is appropriate to deal with the city's challenges

and development goals,

and to determine whether there are appropriate drivers

and a suitable enabling environment

for embarking upon an Integrated Urban Water Management

planning process.

Activities to be undertaken in this phase can include:

Conducting a data review

of the urban and water sectors

in the city covering

the aspects listed on the screen in order

to gain a better understanding of the city profile

and of the water and urban issues it faces;

identifying and mapping stakeholder

and analyzing the related institutional

and regulatory framework

as well as the political economy in the city

and whether these are favorable to an IUWM approach;

making the case for integrated urban water management

with the identified stakeholders,

and undertaking a rapid field

assessment of the urban

and water challenges in the city

in order to refine the desk review

analysis with the stakeholders

to gain a better understanding

of the water challenges the city faces

and the processes and systems in place to deal with them.

Based on the data gathered

and the stakeholder consultation

carried out during the previous phase,

the main objectives of the diagnostic phase

are to determine which challenges urban

and water sectors are facing,

or will face;

analyze the links between water use in the watershed

and other sectors,

including those listed here

; consider existing integrated practices

or lack thereof;

assess the resilience of the urban water sector

to future demographic change,

water resource constraints and climate change impacts.

It is important to look not only at data

but also at the modus operandi of the involved institutions.

Technical studies should be carried out next

with the objective of:

Determining whether the proposed

IUWM measures make economic and financial sense;

assessing the financial feasibility of solutions identified

as suitable during the diagnostic phase;

identifying the resulting structural

and non-structural IUWM measures to be implemented,

where structural measures are the infrastructure interventions

and non-structural measures cover

the regulations, legal frameworks,

tariffs, and education and capacity building.

A number of technical studies

will be required to inform

the next phase of strategic planning,

including those listed on the screen.

The objectives of the strategic planning phase are to:

Validate with stakeholders

the proposed IUWM framework

and options considered;

clarify institutional responsibilities

for implementing the proposed solutions;

put mechanisms in place to manage

and share data across sectors and institutions;

develop and apply an appropriate monitoring

and evaluation framework for the strategic plan.

Once stakeholders have decided to move forward

with an IUWM approach,

a vision can be developed for the long-term integration

of urban water management in the city

to include the following elements:

Agreement on a set of proposed outcomes for the city,

on institutional responsibilities

and cost sharing arrangements;

milestones and a monitoring framework for the tracking

of the implementation of activities

to reach the proposed outcomes;

mechanisms for review, feedback,

knowledge management and course correction.

To summarize, in this module we have seen

that integrated urban water management

is about improving the way water resources

and related services

are managed across the urban water cycle by:

promoting resource diversification,

system efficiency and conservation,

while taking into consideration

all water users in the city

and in the wider catchment

through broad stakeholder participation.

IUWM offers a holistic approach to strategic planning

and implementation which considers the management

of competing water uses

and urban service provision in the city,

in the context of the watershed,

while recognizing the water needs of the city

as well as those of upstream and downstream users.

An approach to integrated urban water management encompasses:

initial engagement and mapping of stakeholders;

the undertaking of diagnoses

to analyze the city’s urban and water challenges;

strategic planning to identify objectives and outcomes,

priorities and costs,

institutional responsibilities,

monitoring and evaluation frameworks,

and feedback mechanisms.

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