5.10 Financement fondé sur les résultats

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En provenance du cours de École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne

Planification et Design de Systèmes et Technologies d’Assainissement

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École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne

Planification et Design de Systèmes et Technologies d’Assainissement

84 notes

Désirez-vous apprendre à mettre en œuvre des solutions d’assainissement abordables et adaptées à différents contextes ? Voulez-vous connaître les derniers développement dans le domaine de la planification de l’assainissement urbain ? Êtes-vous intéressés par des exemples de systèmes d’assainissement urbain qui fonctionnent dans les pays à faible et moyen revenu ? Si oui, alors ce cours est pour vous ! Le cours débute par une introduction à la planification intégrée de l’assainissement et adresse aussi bien la planification à l’échelle de la ville que la planification dans des contextes spécifiques tels que les quartiers informels. Après un survol des différentes approches de planification de l’assainissement, vous aurez l’occasion de passer en revue les différents systèmes et technologies possibles, la terminologie et concepts clé, et comprendre pourquoi il est crucial de réfléchir en termes de « système intégré » pour la planification de l’assainissement urbain. Le cours couvre toute la chaîne de l’assainissement et fournit de l’information détaillée sur les systèmes d’assainissement adaptés aux contextes à faibles et moyen revenus (par exemple, des systèmes basés sur les fosses sèches, des systèmes décentralisés avec différents réseaux d’égout, le transport des eaux noires). Eawag-Sandec et EPFL offrent ce cours conjointement avec des experts en assainissement de la Banque Mondiale et de l’OMS. SERIE DE MOOC « EAU, ASSAINISSEMENT ET DÉCHETS SOLIDES DANS LES CONTEXTES DU DÉVELOPPEMENT » Ce cours est l’un des quatre cours de la série « Eau, Assainissement et Déchets Solides dans les Contextes du Développement ». VERSION ANGLAISE DE CE COURS Ce cours est offert simultanément en français et en anglais. Le nom du cours en anglais est « Planning & Design of Sanitation Systems and Technologies ».

À partir de la leçon

Outils pour l’assainissement urbain

Durant cette 5ème semaine, nous allons vous présenter différents outils de diagnostic de la situation initiale et d’analyse des arrangements institutionnels et financiers, de changements de comportement, mais aussi l’approche de planification de la gestion de la sécurité sanitaire de l’assainissement de l’OMS et les diagrammes de flux des matières fécales (SFD). Certains outils font l’objet de nouveaux modules ajoutés en février 2017 en collaboration avec le Progamme Eau et Assainissement (WSP) de la Banque Mondiale, et ne sont disponibles qu’en version originale sous-titrée en français.

5.4 Outils d'aide à la décision pour l'assainissement en milieu urbain9:29

5.5 Changements de comportements dans l’assainissement urbain10:31

5.6 Outils d'aide à la décision pour l'assainissement en milieu urbain10:05

5.7 Gestion intégrée des eaux en milieu urbain10:13

5.8 Options institutionnelles et financières pour fournir des services d'assainissement13:57

5.9 Gestion du cycle de projet11:06

5.10 Financement fondé sur les résultats9:55

5.11 Systèmes d'égouts condominiaux14:31

Rencontrer les enseignants

Christoph Lüthi
Dr.
Sanitation, Water and Solid Waste for Development / Eawag

Results-based financing to deliver urban sanitation services

Planning & Design of Sanitation Systems and Technologies

Inga Afanasieva, World Bank – Global Partnership for Output-Based Aid

Welcome. This module introduces the role

that results-based financing

approaches can play

in meeting growing infrastructure

and service challenges

in the provision of urban sanitation.

My name is Inga Afanasieva

and I am an Infrastructure Specialist with the Global Partnership

for Output-Based Aid of the World Bank,

a partnership of donors working together

to support communities to access basic services

using results-based financing

and output-based aid approaches.

In this module, we will introduce the role

that results-based financing

and output-based aid can have to improve

the delivery of urban sanitation services

to the poor and explain

how these innovative financing approaches

can deliver verified results.

Results-based financing (RBF)

is a term for a range of financing mechanisms

that provide payments

after verified results have been delivered.

It is becoming increasingly important,

as delivering public services

and basic services

requires policymakers to consider innovative

financing methods

to improve service delivery and outcomes

and increase cost recovery levels.

Results-based financing has emerged as an important,

innovative tool for financing basic services

because it switches the emphasis from inputs

- funding given in advance for expected results

(such as planning and buying construction materials)

- to outputs, such as electricity connections,

or new or improved latrines.

Payments from funders or government

to service providers

happen only when the agreed results have been achieved.

The service provider takes the risk

that if the results aren’t achieved,

they are not paid.

By moving the focus from activities and plans,

to the monitoring of results, governments and donors

can ensure money is spent on the intended purpose.

They can also give service providers the latitude

to focus on the activities and methods

that they think are best to achieve the desired outcomes,

and can be used to leverage private sector financing.

This approach thus enhances

the focus on learning about what actually works,

and creates scope for ownership and innovation.

Results-based financing approaches can be applied

in various sectors and contexts

with a variety of partners and purposes.

Different instruments can be used to incentivize the demand

or the supply side of the service.

On the demand-side,

instruments such as conditional cash transfers offer rewards

for consuming a service that can improve their health

or well-being and benefit society

as a whole.

For example, families can receive

a cash transfer

as long as their children attend school

or if they go to clinics regularly for medical check-ups.

On the supply-side, service providers

can be incentivized

to deliver the desired services or results

by output-based aid,

where service providers are rewarded

for the improved performance

or for extending quality services,

such as certified sanitation facilities,

to target poor consumers.

Other results-based financing instruments link disbursements

to the achievement of specific government program results

or measurable progress in a country.

Which type of approach,

or combination of approaches

to use in a given situation,

is highly dependent on context.

For the remainder of this module

we will focus on output-based aid approaches,

which have been used in every region of the world

and in numerous sectors.

For more information about other types

of results-based financing,

please refer to the recommended reading for this module.

Output-based aid is designed to increase access

to basic services for the poor.

It is used in situations where poor people are excluded

from receiving basic services,

such as urban sanitation,

because they cannot afford to pay the connection fee.

In the example shown on the screen,

the cost of a connection to a sewerage network

is $100.

However, the household can only afford to pay $15.

A service provider or third party financier,

like a commercial bank

may invest additional capital

into the connection cost—in this example,

$25,

which can be recovered though a user tariff

or a government subsidy.

That means that the gap for the poor household

that prevents them from receiving the service is $60.

The output-based aid subsidy for the poor household

– which is paid only after

measurable results have been verified

- fills the $60 gap

between the affordable level

that the households can pay and the real cost

of extending the service to these households.

By definition,

the output-based aid subsidy is disbursed

after the connection is made,

so it is important that the service provider

is able to pre-finance the cost

until the output-based aid payment is received.

Results-based financing and output-based

aid can be designed

to deliver innovative solutions

in different environments,

working with both public and private operators.

They provide incentives for innovation and efficiency

through competition or benchmarking,

and by leaving the technological solutions largely

to the service provider

who gets paid the agreed amount

if the outputs meet the quality standards.

In Nairobi, for example,

dense populations in informal settlements

and water rationing posed a challenge

to the original project design

of household sewerage connections.

Under the output-based scheme,

the service provider was given the flexibility

to implement multi-faceted

technical solution more appropriate to the context.

This involved both individual household water

connections for the flushing of the toilets

and compound solutions,

with water storage tanks for toilet flushing

which also included

an option to use greywater

from handwashing for flushing.

Another example where output-based aid

is used is the greater

metropolitan Accra area in Ghana.

There are 4 million people living in the area

and the population is expected

to reach 5 million by 2020.

Half of the households reside in single rooms

of compound houses

and only 1 in 5 households say

that they used their own household toilets.

Public funding in the sanitation sector

cannot keep up with the demand

and there is considerable room

for the private sector to play a role in the provision of sanitation.

The poorest suffer the most

because of the high cost of building their own facilities,

and the high cost of borrowing to do so.

To address this challenge,

the Government of Ghana chose

output-based aid

with the following project design:

Households finance 50% of the cost of the facility

either though a microfinancing loan or their own savings,

after that service providers

are contracted to build the toilets to required standards.

Once the construction is complete,

the service provider receives

the remaining 50%

- the output-based aid subsidy - in two installments:

2/3 upon verification of the physical construction,

and 1/3 after 3 months of successful use.

The project was designed to target low-income communities

and to fund an awareness campaign

through the metropolitan assemblies

and the Environment and Health Offices.

The project was designed to develop

the full cycle of sanitation services

by also subsidizing

the desludging of toilet facilities.

The purpose of the desludging subsidy

was to incentivize the service delivery

and to ensure that households understand

how to properly dispose of fecal matter.

The subsidy was designed to cover half the cost

of the desludging service

and to be payable to the provider

upon verification of successful service

delivery and proper

disposal of the fecal sludge.

The total cost of the program was $5million , which

was expected to incentivize

the construction of over

7,000 household facilities

and 200 desludging operations.

Results-based financing plays an important role

in meeting the world’s development challenges.

Output-based aid is a form of results-based

financing that can provide service providers the incentives

to extend inclusive urban sanitation services

to poor and marginalized beneficiaries

that would otherwise not be reached.

Output-based aid can be effectively designed

into an urban sanitation investment program

only after considering multiple variables,

such as the need for the subsidy,

which needs to be assessed on the basis of the demand,

the costs and the social benefits.

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