1.4 Planification de l’assainissement au niveau local [1]

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En provenance du cours de École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne

Planification et Design de Systèmes et Technologies d’Assainissement

75 notes

École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne

Planification et Design de Systèmes et Technologies d’Assainissement

75 notes

Désirez-vous apprendre à mettre en œuvre des solutions d’assainissement abordables et adaptées à différents contextes ? Voulez-vous connaître les derniers développement dans le domaine de la planification de l’assainissement urbain ? Êtes-vous intéressés par des exemples de systèmes d’assainissement urbain qui fonctionnent dans les pays à faible et moyen revenu ? Si oui, alors ce cours est pour vous ! Le cours débute par une introduction à la planification intégrée de l’assainissement et adresse aussi bien la planification à l’échelle de la ville que la planification dans des contextes spécifiques tels que les quartiers informels. Après un survol des différentes approches de planification de l’assainissement, vous aurez l’occasion de passer en revue les différents systèmes et technologies possibles, la terminologie et concepts clé, et comprendre pourquoi il est crucial de réfléchir en termes de « système intégré » pour la planification de l’assainissement urbain. Le cours couvre toute la chaîne de l’assainissement et fournit de l’information détaillée sur les systèmes d’assainissement adaptés aux contextes à faibles et moyen revenus (par exemple, des systèmes basés sur les fosses sèches, des systèmes décentralisés avec différents réseaux d’égout, le transport des eaux noires). Eawag-Sandec et EPFL offrent ce cours conjointement avec des experts en assainissement de la Banque Mondiale et de l’OMS. SERIE DE MOOC « EAU, ASSAINISSEMENT ET DÉCHETS SOLIDES DANS LES CONTEXTES DU DÉVELOPPEMENT » Ce cours est l’un des quatre cours de la série « Eau, Assainissement et Déchets Solides dans les Contextes du Développement ». VERSION ANGLAISE DE CE COURS Ce cours est offert simultanément en français et en anglais. Le nom du cours en anglais est « Planning & Design of Sanitation Systems and Technologies ».

À partir de la leçon

Introduction à la planification de l’assainissement & à l’approche de systèmes

Le cours commencera par une discussion de pourquoi l’assainissement est important pour la santé publique et la protection de l’environnement, en particulier en milieu urbain. Cette introduction sera suivie d’une présentation sur l’importance des conditions-cadre favorables. Finalement, les approches de planification de l’assainissement actuelles (Sanitation21, CLUES, ATPC/CLTS) utilisées dans le secteur du développement seront passées en revue.

1.1 Aperçu du cours5:23

1.2 Planification de l'assainissement urbain12:04

1.3a Outils de diagnostic et cadres de planification de l’assainissement urbain [1]7:50

1.3b Outils de diagnostic et cadres de planification de l’assainissement urbain [2]11:01

1.4 Planification de l’assainissement au niveau local [1]8:01

1.5 Planification de l’assainissement au niveau local [2]4:20

1.6 Planification de l’assainissement au niveau local [3]10:54

1.7 Résumé de la 1ère Semaine3:22

Rencontrer les enseignants

Christoph Lüthi
Dr.
Sanitation, Water and Solid Waste for Development / Eawag

Welcome back.

In the last presentation by Jonathan Parkinson,

we explored some of the issues involved in city-wide sanitation planning

and planning for urban sanitation at scale.

In this module, we are going to dig a bit deeper and explore the local level.

With local level, we mean the thousands of urban neighborhoods and communities

in Africa, Asia and Latin America that are currently unserved or underserved

with environmental sanitation services.

We are specifically going to look at the household domain,

and the community domain, the areas and settings where most people

lead their daily lives in the urban areas of the developing world.

The local level means areas like this here, in Kibera, Nairobi,

one of the most notorious informal settlements in Africa,

with high densities of over 1000 inhabitants per hectare.

On the image here, shown in the middle,

a first attempt at providing public sanitation services,

a public toilet built together with the Wassa Program

water and sanitation for the urban poor.

What are the learning goals of this module?

We want you to get to know the CLUES planning approach

for environmental sanitation in urban low-income areas

and we will also explore some of the linkages between city-wide

and community level interventions.

The most difficult spacial contexts to deal with are undoubtedly

the rapidly expanding para-urban areas surrounding most cities

and the informal settlements found in much of Africa, Asia and Latin America.

These unplanned areas not only have poor access to developed services,

they also exhibit dysfunctional institutions

where government services hardly reach.

Each spatial setting requires its planning approach.

For rural areas, widely known today is the CLTS approach,

Community Led Total Sanitation.

For urban areas, we will be presenting CLUES,

the Community Led Urban Environmental Sanitation planning approach,

and finally, at city-wide level, the Sanitation 21 approach

which Doctor Parkinson has explained in the modules before

covering the entire urban sphere.

Some few words about the Community Led Total Sanitation for rural sanitation.

CLTS helps rural communities to collectively find solutions

to their inadequate sanitation situation. In most cases, this means overcoming

open defecation in the villages.

Its focus is on igniting a change in sanitation behavior

rather than constructing toilets.

The approach is very much a community-driven one.

It doesn't only focus on individual behaviors and the first significant step of CLTS

is to put an end to open defecation. It starts by enabling people to do

their own sanitation profile through appraisal, the observation,

and the analysis of their practices of open defecation

and the effects that these have on their lives.

There are many existing planning frameworks, but we're highlighting only two

state-of-the-art planning frameworks that are specific for urban settings.

Sanitation 21, which was just presented by Jonathan Parkinson,

and the CLUES approach which I will now present.

CLUES has some common characteristics with CLTS, especially during

the initial stages of the process. Both approaches seek to initiate

stakeholder involvement by triggering collective action

at the community level. However, the post-triggering process

is quite different for both. For CLTS, it's all about sustaining

behavior change and ending open defecation.

For CLUES, this entails a structured planning approach

that addresses the entire sanitation chain.

Why is CLTS not the answer to urban sanitation?

Firstly, urban complexity. There is often not the community cohesion

found in rural settings.

Secondly open defecation and toilet access is often not the main issue.

Rather, it's a safe handling of human wastes.

Thirdly, land tenure is a major issue in the urban sphere.

Tenants cannot just build their own toilets where they like.

Fourthly, unlike rural investments, urban environment sanitation

is hugely expensive and must take an integrated approach,

including issues like storm water drainage, greywater,

or solid waste management to be effective.

And lastly, neighborhood solutions need to be synchronized

with the city-wide efforts and cannot be planned in isolation.

Also, urban poverty has specific characteristics.

First of all the level of commoditization. The poor living in urban slums

have to pay rent. They must pay for basic services,

for transportation getting into town to their place of work and for their food.

Secondly, the environmental hazards.

Most dense settlements suffer from inadequate water supply,

environmental sanitation deficiencies, and high levels of environmental pollution.

And lastly, the deprivation of urban poverty marked

by urban and domestic violence, often accompanied by drug and alcohol abuse

and insecure employment. These three levels of urban poverty

make for quite a different set compared to rural contexts.

Also, urban sanitation is a bit more complex than rural sanitation.

We need to think about wastewater treatment,

solid waste management, fecal sludge disposal,

what happens with the greywater, what about the water supply

in these dense urban areas, storm water drainage and the decision

between on-site or off-site sanitation. These make for higher level of complexity

of urban sanitation when compared to rural sanitation.

In this slide, I present the four key CLUES principles.

Firstly, CLUES places the neighborhood and community at the core

of the planning process and, with this, it complements

city-wide strategic planning. Secondly, it employs both expert

and community knowledge. Thirdly, it encourages

resource conservation and reuse, recycling, when and if possible.

And fourthly, it is based on the concept of domains and tries to solve problems

within the domain nearest to where the problems arise.

To sum up, it is people centered,

it involves a multi-stakeholder approach,

it tries to come up with local solutions wherever possible,

and lastly, it tries to promote environmental, sustainable solutions.

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