1.3b Outils de diagnostic et cadres de planification de l’assainissement urbain [2]

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En provenance du cours de École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne

Planification et Design de Systèmes et Technologies d’Assainissement

80 notes

École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne

Planification et Design de Systèmes et Technologies d’Assainissement

80 notes

Désirez-vous apprendre à mettre en œuvre des solutions d’assainissement abordables et adaptées à différents contextes ? Voulez-vous connaître les derniers développement dans le domaine de la planification de l’assainissement urbain ? Êtes-vous intéressés par des exemples de systèmes d’assainissement urbain qui fonctionnent dans les pays à faible et moyen revenu ? Si oui, alors ce cours est pour vous ! Le cours débute par une introduction à la planification intégrée de l’assainissement et adresse aussi bien la planification à l’échelle de la ville que la planification dans des contextes spécifiques tels que les quartiers informels. Après un survol des différentes approches de planification de l’assainissement, vous aurez l’occasion de passer en revue les différents systèmes et technologies possibles, la terminologie et concepts clé, et comprendre pourquoi il est crucial de réfléchir en termes de « système intégré » pour la planification de l’assainissement urbain. Le cours couvre toute la chaîne de l’assainissement et fournit de l’information détaillée sur les systèmes d’assainissement adaptés aux contextes à faibles et moyen revenus (par exemple, des systèmes basés sur les fosses sèches, des systèmes décentralisés avec différents réseaux d’égout, le transport des eaux noires). Eawag-Sandec et EPFL offrent ce cours conjointement avec des experts en assainissement de la Banque Mondiale et de l’OMS. SERIE DE MOOC « EAU, ASSAINISSEMENT ET DÉCHETS SOLIDES DANS LES CONTEXTES DU DÉVELOPPEMENT » Ce cours est l’un des quatre cours de la série « Eau, Assainissement et Déchets Solides dans les Contextes du Développement ». VERSION ANGLAISE DE CE COURS Ce cours est offert simultanément en français et en anglais. Le nom du cours en anglais est « Planning & Design of Sanitation Systems and Technologies ».

À partir de la leçon

Introduction à la planification de l’assainissement & à l’approche de systèmes

Le cours commencera par une discussion de pourquoi l’assainissement est important pour la santé publique et la protection de l’environnement, en particulier en milieu urbain. Cette introduction sera suivie d’une présentation sur l’importance des conditions-cadre favorables. Finalement, les approches de planification de l’assainissement actuelles (Sanitation21, CLUES, ATPC/CLTS) utilisées dans le secteur du développement seront passées en revue.

1.1 Aperçu du cours5:23

1.2 Planification de l'assainissement urbain12:04

1.3a Outils de diagnostic et cadres de planification de l’assainissement urbain [1]7:50

1.3b Outils de diagnostic et cadres de planification de l’assainissement urbain [2]11:01

1.4 Planification de l’assainissement au niveau local [1]8:01

1.5 Planification de l’assainissement au niveau local [2]4:20

1.6 Planification de l’assainissement au niveau local [3]10:54

1.7 Résumé de la 1ère Semaine3:22

Rencontrer les enseignants

Christoph Lüthi
Dr.
Sanitation, Water and Solid Waste for Development / Eawag

Welcome to the second of the two modules

on Citywide Sanitation Services

and Introduction to Diagnostic Tools and Frameworks.

This module will continue the introduction

to some systematic ways to understand

and analyze the complex urban environments we face

when planning improvements in sanitation services.

In this module, we'll look at how tools such

as the Fecal Waste Flow Diagram

and the City Service Delivery Assessment

can help us to analyze and understand technical

and non-technical challenges

related to sanitation service delivery,

and we will look at urban sanitation

as a service

and the roles of government

and the private sector in delivering it.

When looking at the sanitation challenges

of a specific city,

the Fecal Waste Flow Diagram

or "SFD"

as it is commonly referred to,

is an effective way to illustrate the fecal flows in the city

and to highlight areas of the sanitation service chain

which need attention.

You will be learning more about the development

and use of SFDs in later modules.

Here is the SFD

for a typical low-income city in Africa

and it highlights the need to improve

the operational effectiveness of the sewerage system,

to improve the fecal sludge management services,

and provide household sanitation options

for rental housing and marginal challenging environments.

To achieve the SDGs, sanitation services

need to include everyone.

Data disaggregated by wealth quintiles shows that

it's the poorest households

which have the worst access to sanitation services.

Global analysis has identified four key

aspects of sanitation services

which need much more attention

if sanitation services are to reach everyone.

One, making better use of existing

and future investments in sewerage.

This includes ensuring connections to existing sewers,

making sewerage accessible in difficult

to reach and poor communities,

and having approaches for facilitating

the connection of poor customers to sewers.

Two, fecal sludge management

to make on-site sanitation hygienic

and viable.

Three, services for rental housing

and informal settlements,

including the use of shared toilets

and the challenges of limited space

of multi-story residences

and of illegal or informal settlements

and the implications of situations

where households don't have tenure on where they rent.

And four, marginal areas

and challenging environments.

Sanitation is further complicated

where communities are located

in difficult terrain

such as where there are swamps, high groundwater,

housing over water bodies such as rivers, lakes,

or the sea, rocky terrain,

steep hillsides, cold climates, etc.

New tools are available

which enable a systematic assessment

of the non-technical aspects required

in an urban sanitation service chain.

The city service delivery assessment

allows the visual presentation

to decision makers of a scorecard

that encapsulates the underlying policy,

planning, and budget context,

how expenditure, equity,

and outputs are monitored,

and the quality of operation and maintenance, etc.

This analysis enables decision makers

to prioritize

which institutional and service delivery issues

need immediate attention.

The prognosis for change tool

enables a more detailed

analysis of incentives

and influences

and enables decision makers

to seek win-win outcomes on specific issues.

The tool seeks to assess three things:

How key formal and informal institutions function,

what incentives those institutions provide to stakeholders,

and the formal or informal power

those stakeholders have to exert influence.

It also considers the implications

of the findings

for effective engagement with the problem

by those wanting to improve the situation

and aims to make interventions more likely to succeed by

ensuring they are taking the underlying

political economy of the city into account.

Here we list some examples

of the type of non-technical issues

that typically need to be tackled in developing

an effective inclusive sanitation program

at scale in a city.

Different services need to be

provided along the sanitation chain

and these vary in nature and in scale,

from material supply to small-scale construction

and operating public toilets

at the household end of the spectrum

through desludging,

fecal waste transportation and sewage

and sludge treatment and disposal to maintenance

and management of drainage

and solid waste services

at the other end of the spectrum.

These services can be grouped as customer services,

directly interfacing with households or customers,

public services,

and infrastructure development

which is a necessary,

but not a sufficient enabling input

for the service providers

who operate and maintain the infrastructure.

And these services can be broadly seen

as being private goods

benefitting individual households

or groups of households,

although they mostly also have a public benefit,

and public goods which do not benefit

only a single household or individual,

but rather benefit the public or the city at large.

These distinctions have important implications

for how financing, subsidies,

and regulation are organized and practiced.

Users have traditionally been left to pay

for private goods themselves,

but because of their public good element it

may be appropriate to provide partial

or in specific circumstances

even total public funding

for these services

where users are unable to pay the full cost.

Similarly, public goods may be provided

by the private sector if costs can be recovered,

for example,

from land developers

or from the sale of treated wastes

or under an agreement

with a public sector institution.

But in all cases, the full sanitation services chain

needs to be regulated by the public sector

so as to safeguard standards.

We will now consider the roles

for the public and private sector.

As we saw in the last slide,

there are three main categories

of goods and services:

Customer services, public services,

and infrastructure developments.

Customer services are often best provided

by the private sector

as this usually creates stronger accountability

but may also be provided by the public sector.

At the other end of the spectrum,

finance for major public sanitation infrastructure

will usually be cheaper from public sector sources,

but the involvement of private sector partners

is gaining popularity

as it may accelerate improvements

and promote cost effectiveness.

In between these extremes, the provision

of public services offers wide scope

for public-private partnerships of various types.

For these services to provide sustainable sanitation

for everyone, local government

typically plays a key role

in providing planning

and coordination, local regulation

and bylaws, appropriate tariff structures,

local standards,

enforcement of land use,

support to get the local service providers up

and running which may not otherwise happen by itself,

housing, tenure, and land use policy,

and the promotion of services,

behavior change programs, and monitoring.

The role of national government

is to provide a conducive

and supportive environment

which includes appropriate policy frameworks with laws,

national standards and regulation

to support them, planning structures

and monitoring systems,

finance windows and mechanisms

for infrastructure developments,

and national capacity building initiatives.

To summarize,

in this module we have seen that tools

such as the Fecal Waste Flow Diagram

and the City Service Delivery Assessment

can help us analyze the multiple complex technical

and non-technical factors

involved in urban sanitation

and how to prioritize them,

and urban sanitation is about services

which are developed and implemented by both public

and private sector entities.

Later in the course we will return to look again

at aspects of the urban sanitation service chain

from both the municipal

and the national perspective.

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