1.3a Outils de diagnostic et cadres de planification de l’assainissement urbain [1]

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En provenance du cours de École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne

Planification et Design de Systèmes et Technologies d’Assainissement

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École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne

Planification et Design de Systèmes et Technologies d’Assainissement

86 notes

Désirez-vous apprendre à mettre en œuvre des solutions d’assainissement abordables et adaptées à différents contextes ? Voulez-vous connaître les derniers développement dans le domaine de la planification de l’assainissement urbain ? Êtes-vous intéressés par des exemples de systèmes d’assainissement urbain qui fonctionnent dans les pays à faible et moyen revenu ? Si oui, alors ce cours est pour vous ! Le cours débute par une introduction à la planification intégrée de l’assainissement et adresse aussi bien la planification à l’échelle de la ville que la planification dans des contextes spécifiques tels que les quartiers informels. Après un survol des différentes approches de planification de l’assainissement, vous aurez l’occasion de passer en revue les différents systèmes et technologies possibles, la terminologie et concepts clé, et comprendre pourquoi il est crucial de réfléchir en termes de « système intégré » pour la planification de l’assainissement urbain. Le cours couvre toute la chaîne de l’assainissement et fournit de l’information détaillée sur les systèmes d’assainissement adaptés aux contextes à faibles et moyen revenus (par exemple, des systèmes basés sur les fosses sèches, des systèmes décentralisés avec différents réseaux d’égout, le transport des eaux noires). Eawag-Sandec et EPFL offrent ce cours conjointement avec des experts en assainissement de la Banque Mondiale et de l’OMS. SERIE DE MOOC « EAU, ASSAINISSEMENT ET DÉCHETS SOLIDES DANS LES CONTEXTES DU DÉVELOPPEMENT » Ce cours est l’un des quatre cours de la série « Eau, Assainissement et Déchets Solides dans les Contextes du Développement ». VERSION ANGLAISE DE CE COURS Ce cours est offert simultanément en français et en anglais. Le nom du cours en anglais est « Planning & Design of Sanitation Systems and Technologies ».

À partir de la leçon

Introduction à la planification de l’assainissement & à l’approche de systèmes

Le cours commencera par une discussion de pourquoi l’assainissement est important pour la santé publique et la protection de l’environnement, en particulier en milieu urbain. Cette introduction sera suivie d’une présentation sur l’importance des conditions-cadre favorables. Finalement, les approches de planification de l’assainissement actuelles (Sanitation21, CLUES, ATPC/CLTS) utilisées dans le secteur du développement seront passées en revue.

1.1 Aperçu du cours5:23

1.2 Planification de l'assainissement urbain12:04

1.3a Outils de diagnostic et cadres de planification de l’assainissement urbain [1]7:50

1.3b Outils de diagnostic et cadres de planification de l’assainissement urbain [2]11:01

1.4 Planification de l’assainissement au niveau local [1]8:01

1.5 Planification de l’assainissement au niveau local [2]4:20

1.6 Planification de l’assainissement au niveau local [3]10:54

1.7 Résumé de la 1ère Semaine3:22

Rencontrer les enseignants

Christoph Lüthi
Dr.
Sanitation, Water and Solid Waste for Development / Eawag

City-wide sanitation diagnostic tools and planning frameworks – Part 1

Welcome to the first of two modules on City-wide Sanitation Services:

an Introduction to Diagnostic Tools and Frameworks.

My name is Sanyu Lutalo,

and I'm a Senior Water and Sanitation Specialist

with the World Bank Group based in Washington D.C.

In this module and the following module,

we will introduce some systematic ways to understand

and analyze the complex urban environments

we often face

when planning improvements in sanitation services.

These two modules will introduce a number of issues

related to sanitation planning,

which we will explore more deeply later in the course.

For sanitation services to be appropriate,

affordable, and sustainable,

we need to consider more

than just the type of technology to be selected.

In this module, we will explore some of these aspects,

and we'll do so based on the principles

of the sustainable development goals,

or SDGs framework while looking at two broad aspects:

urban sanitation services and public health

and the need to consider integrated urban services.

You may already be familiar

with the sanitation services chain

comprising waste containment,

emptying, conveyance, treatment,

and end-use or disposal.

In practice, there are two major types of chain,

which we can refer to as: networked,

basically comprising sewerage systems

with treatment plants,

and non-networked, comprising

on-site sanitation options

with fecal sludge management.

The millennium development goals, or MDGs,

included targets to reduce the proportion of people

without access to an adequate toilet.

In other words, they focused on the containment part

of the sanitation service chain.

The sustainable development goals,

or SDGs, however,

set targets for universal access

and monitor

the whole sanitation chain

including conveyance, treatment,

and reuse or disposal.

We will now look at how the sanitation service chain,

when it is not working effectively,

can contaminate the household toilet

and the residential and/or urban environment,

including local groundwater,

posing a range of public health hazards.

The sanitation chain

is represented vertically on the left,

and the hazard pathways can be summarized

as follows.

A dirty toilet is a threat to its users.

A leaking tank, or pit, or a drain,

or a sewer can pollute ground water.

Unsafe emptying of a tank or a pit

is a risk to the emptiers,

to the household,

and to the neighborhood.

Contaminated drainage structures

and leaking sewers

add to the hazard of fecal contamination.

And non-existent or poor treatment

and/or inappropriate end-use

and disposal of sewage, septage,

and sludge results in a contaminated environment,

in contaminated produce,

and in contaminated water bodies.

In such a contaminated environment,

hazard becomes risk

when people do not practice good hygiene, for example,

by washing their hands with soap.

This is all exacerbated

by poor solid waste management,

which allows garbage to further interfere

with the proper functioning of sanitation services,

and by uncontrolled land use,

which makes planning

and enforcement of the sanitation service chain

even more challenging.

And finally, when it rains,

blocked drains, pits,

and sewers overflow,

and the wider environment is fecally contaminated.

By analyzing the contamination routes

in this way,

we see where

and why sanitation interventions are needed.

For example, continuous monitoring

and maintenance of the sewerage system,

behavior change communication,

and improved fecal sludge management

may all be essential elements

in a particular city.

In the last slide, we saw the challenges

that need to be addressed,

whereas now we will look at the services

which can address these challenges.

There are five components to urban sanitation services.

As you can see in the slide, latrines, septic tanks,

and sewers are accompanied by solid waste

and storm water management,

as the latter two services are inseparable from the proper

functioning of the fecal waste chain

in a given town or city.

Both sides of this diagram,

the upstream services on the left,

which typically interface with the households

and other customer groups,

and the downstream services,

including treatment, disposal,

and reuse on the right are impacted by the quality

and enforcement of physical planning

and of land use control.

At the household level, housing tenure,

and urban upgrading programs

can also play an important part

in advancing urban sanitation services.

Likewise, treatment and appropriate reuse

and disposal also contribute

to reducing the public health risk

and to improving the ecological environmental

endowment of a city

while increasing quality of life

and city attractiveness and competitiveness.

But poor management of these interrelated

components often leads

to the creation of a highly contaminated

mixed waste stream in the drainage system.

And when it rains, it just gets worse

as flooding spreads this contamination far

and wide across the city.

To summarize, in this module,

we have seen that sanitation

is about a chain of services

which will protect public health

and the environment from fecal contamination

and that there needs to be integration

between the management of solid waste, drainage,

onsite and network sanitation services.

In the next module,

you will learn about tools that can help us

analyze the multiple complex

technical and nontechnical factors

involved in urban sanitation

and how to prioritize them,

and how urban sanitation is about services

which are developed and implemented by both public

and private sector entities.

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