本课程将介绍各领域专家所使用的学习方法，他们包括艺术家、文学家、数学家、科学家、运动员和很多其他领域专家。我们将学习如何使用两种不同的大脑模式，以及大脑如何封装（“chunks”）信息。我们还将介绍能力错觉（illusions of learning），记忆技巧，对付拖延症的方法，以及研究表明能帮助我们掌握困难科目的方法。 无论您在所学领域是专家还是菜鸟，您都可以使用这些方法，改变自己的思维模式，重塑自己的人生。如果您是所学领域的专家，通过学习大脑认知的底层知识，您可以进一步提高自己的学习能力，您将了解反直觉的考试技巧和见解，从而能够更高效地完成作业和习题。如果您在学习中遇到困难，系统有效的学习技巧将帮助您将走上正轨。无论您希望学习什么内容，这门课程都可以作为您的指南。
可选的对“爱尔兰多语种达人Benny”就语言学习进行的访谈
Loading...
En provenance du cours de McMaster University
学会如何学习：帮助你掌握复杂学科的强大智力工具（Learning How to Learn）
800 notes
À partir de la leçon
什么是学习？
尽管活体大脑相当复杂，但此单元将利用隐喻与类比帮助简化内容。你将发现几个完全不同的思维模式，并了解能怎样利用这些模式改进自己的学习。你还将接触到一项治疗拖延症的工具，获得一些有关记忆的实用信息，并意外地挖掘到一些有关学习与睡眠的实用见解。
如果你希望作好更充分的准备，那么可以选读 《数字思维》（非必修内容，但却是此MOOC的基础教材）。该书也已有华语简体版《学习之道》和华语繁体版 《用對腦，從此不再怕數字：學會如何學習，以如何創意思考，解決(幾乎)所有的問題》，还将推出更多外语版本，敬请期待。这本书让你有机会巩固在本课程中学到的学习方法，你可以在空白处作笔记或以电子笔记的形式帮助进一步推动思维的“组块化”。
Rencontrer les enseignants
Dr. Barbara OakleyRamón y Cajal Distinguished Scholar of Global Digital Learning, McMaster University
Professor of Engineering, Industrial & Systems Engineering, Oakland University
Dr. Terrence SejnowskiFrancis Crick Professor at the Salk Institute for Biological Studies
Computational Neurobiology Laboratory
Hong Chee Joo
When Benny Lewis turned 21, the only language he spoke was English.
Actually, he's done quite poorly with languages in school.
Truth be told, he initially had problems even with English, and
had to go to speech therapy when he was young because of it.
So Benny's not naturally gifted with languages.
He has a degree in electronic engineering.
So, where I went from language to engineering,
Benny went the other way around.
Benny's love affair with other cultures and
speaking foreign languages began in 2003 after graduation from the university.
When he moved to Spain, he discovered that learning languages wasn't so
hard when you apply the right method.
In his current career as a full time language hacker, over the last
dozen years, he has discovered people from all around the world who have learned to
stop making excuses about why they can't learn a language.
And have instead learned, how to learn a new language.
I've read Benny's book, which is the best book on language learning I've ever read.
His advice is absolutely brilliant.
If you think you don't have the language gene, or you're too old and don't have
time or are just too shy to try, Benny's book will help you get past these hurdles.
So it's a pleasure to welcome here, Benny Lewis.
Benny, your life is always filled with so many adventures.
So, tell me what is your latest adventure?
>> My latest adventure is that this year I am trying to make America multilingual and
other countries multilingual that generally only speak English.
And I am currently about one, or 2,000 miles
into my 7,000 mile, road trip across America.
I did the whole West coast to Northeast and I'm going to every single state, and
I'm trying to encourage people to learn languages.
>> Wow, what an endeavor, and what an important endeavor.
You know, you talk about people sometimes wanting to learn languages for
the wrong reasons.
What are those wrong reasons, and
what have you discovered is a more motivating factor for learning languages?
>> Right, well, there are quite a lot of wrong reasons.
The worst of all is to show off, if you think that I will learn this language so
people will think I'm smart, or people will like me more or I'll be able to pick
up girls or anything along those lines, then it's, it's not going to work because
I found that what you really do need, is a passion for that language.
For the culture, you want to really speak that language inherently for
the reasons, of how fascinating that language is.
And that's going to motivate you to, to speak it.
If you have other things like you just want, you just want to get an A in
an exam, or a B just so you can get into university, then that's not a very good
motivator, because you are not actually interested in using that language.
So, I highly recommend people try to embrace the culture,
try to spend time speaking with other human beings, and then you'll get the,
the motivation that's going to help you to skyrocket your progress.
>> I like that approach.
You've talked about how children have one big advantage,
can you tell us what that advantage is?
>> sure. So, I think that the fact that
children are not so
much perfectionist like adults tend to be, children are okay with making mistakes.
They kind of stumble and fall and we, we help them along and
they play games in the language and they live the language whereas,
in language learning adults tend to study dusty old grammar books, and
can be so afraid of making mistakes that they won't speak at all.
And this is a huge mistake because, in language learning it's not
like we visualize this in an academic setting, where every mistake you
make gives you a red X and if you make enough you make an F.
That's not the real world, in the real world you can make lots of mistakes but
people will still understand you.
If I have just started to learn language, you may think I should wait until I say,
excuse me kind sir, could you direct me to the nearest bathroom please?
Or, I could just say bathroom, where?
And people understand that, that's not a perfectly formed sentence, but
you have to be a good beginner learner.
And a good beginner learner, knows to make a few mistakes, or a lot of mistakes,
to get their point across.
And I find children, that's the,
their main advantage is that they're, they're okay with just saying something.
And they're not going to over analyze everything that comes out of their mouth.
The good news is, this is not an inherent advantage that is built into them,
and not built into us.
It's just kind of the way children act, and we can learn from that.
We can learn to, try to have some fun with our language.
Laugh at the fact that we're making mistakes, and realize people are a lot
nicer that you think and they're going to be very patient with you.
>> I, I think that's an important point, is well of course,
just being willing to make mistakes, making those mistakes, and
then realizing that most people are actually pretty friendly and
accommodating, as you're learning and adjusting and getting situated.
One, one thing that you've talked about that I, I think is
a really important point is the idea of self-fulfilling prophet, prophecies.
Can you talk a little bit about that?
>> Well for myself for instance, I got into language learning as an adult.
But, I failed at five years learning German in school.
I barely passed my exams after ten or eleven years learning Irish And
I lived in Spain for six months and I did not pick up, pick up any Spanish.
And I really truly, genuinely feel that the reason this happened was because of
a series of self fulfilling prophecies.
When I was in Spain and 21 years old,
I told myself, you know, I'm too old to learn a language now.
I passed this cut-off age 14, and
the thing is, it's a self fulfilling prophecy because I believed this was true,
so I thought, okay, well there's no point in doing any work now, so
I only put like minimal effort in and because of that I don't make any progress.
And then I look at that lack of progress and I'm like, you see, this just goes to
prove that adults are not good language learners and it makes no sense,
when you actually look at it that way, and it was the same in school.
In school I initially didn't do so well on my exams, and I was thinking,
oh I can't do so well on these exams so I guess there's no point in really studying.
And then of course I did worse in my exams, and
it was just a constant feedback loop.
And like there's a quote from Henry Ford that I like relevant to this,
he says, whether you think you can or think you can't, you're right.
And I think that's the case with self fulfilling prophecies.
People need to put these excuses aside, that I don't have any time, you have,
you make the time.
I'm too old, you're not too old.
There are so many ways you can realize that none of these are real issues,
that the actual reason you haven't learned the language,
is your devotion to these reasons.
>> You say that successful language learners learn, despite the challenges.
What did you mean by that?
>> So people have this idealized vision.
You know, the grass is always greener on the other side.
They see someone who successfully learned the language, and
they think to themselves, this person has had it easy.
They must have had rich parents who, who paid for tuition their whole life.
They must have just been blessed to have had the right,
DNA to give them the language learning gene.
They must have had it so easy and just stumbled across native speakers and,
had a perfect situation, this is simply not the case.
This is what we like to tell ourselves once again,
in our self-fulfilling prophecies.
I don't have the ideal situation, I don't have good luck in all of this and
the other person does.
And in talking to a lot of language learners,
I have found each one of them have their own challenges to to go through.
There are some really, well known language learners on YouTube who are,
very impressive in their language skills but they, they're family people,
they have a family to raise, they may be working one or two jobs.
You know, it's not like they laze around with millions of dollars and
just spend all day long learning languages, they have their own challenges.
And I even came across a very inspirational story of a lady
who's partially deaf and clinically blind at the same time, and
she still managed to learn five languages.
So this shows me,
that no mater what the set backs people have, they find a way around them.
And you know, and you can say oh, that guy has it easy, because he can travel, and
I can't, but then find a way to learn a language despite not traveling.
There are actually great ways to get immersion virtually,
you can get Skype based conversation practice,
you can listen to streamed radio 24 hours a day if you wanted to.
You could create a virtual immersion environment.
But any one of the things are issues that other people may have.
You may have advantages that other successful language learners,
may not have had.
You may be able to afford a private teacher, you may be,
you may have spare time on your weekends, when someone has worked two jobs, or
has a family to support, and has less time flexibility.
So, every single person in the world, has had challenges to go through.
And it's just unrealistic to think woe is me,
I have this unfortunate situation no one else understand.
I guarantee you no matter what your problem is a successful language
learner has had that if not more problems and still manage to overcome.
>> people sometimes have a history of failure when they've tried to learn a new
languages, what do you say to someone whose is failing when they're learning
a new language, and have you ever felt like giving up in your language studies.
>> I felt like giving up millions of times.
And even in my more experienced stages of learning a language, and the thing is,
it's like I said before nobody has it, has it super duper easy.
Including successful and experienced language learners.
So at the very start, for instance, when I tried to learn Spanish,
I tested out a lot of things that, that were huge failures.
I spent six months trying to learn Spanish, and I got nowhere in that time,
one of the things I did was I, I bought El SeĂąor de los Anillos, which is The Lord of the Rings.
And I thought if I just went through this book page by page,
with the dictionary, then after I reach page 700 I'd be fluent in Spanish.
I had this like, ridiculous idea and it took me a whole week to get to page two.
So, when I was on page two, I was thinking to myself,
it's going to take me a decade to read this book at this rate.
And I was thinking, I'm just, I'm just an idiot,
I'm not destined to learn Spanish or any other language.
And even, like more recently a couple of years ago I was learning Mandarin, and
I didn't find the Mandarin language itself to be so complicated.
It's actually a lot, straight forward than you may think.
But I was, learning it in the country, which I actually do not recommend to
people, I recommend you learn the language in advance via the internet.
So, that when you're in the country you can experience the culture.
I think it's kind of a bit of a waste to, be in the country to be in study mode when
you should out enjoying it, but I at the time I was not, doing that and
I found it very difficult to adjust to the cultural side of things.
And that slowed me down dramatically on the language side of things.
So, no matter how experienced some one is, they're going to run into problems,
they're going to get slowed down and it's it's like anything.
If you've, if at first you don't succeed, try, try, try again.
And like a lot of people in language learning would reach a plateau, as well,
they may make a bit of progress and get stuck.
And then they think I'm broken, I'm not a good language learner.
And I found that,
that it's the exact opposite, people need to try different techniques.
So my suggestion is people get into speaking the language immediately.
I give tips for people to speak from the very first day,
and then that may work for you it may not work for you.
But you try something else and if you still say after trying this out for
a few weeks, I'm still not making any progress at all.
Then that doesn't mean you're not a good language learner,
it means you're using a system that is not good for you.
If you're studying a lot, and you're not making progress, you may need to
abandon a study based approach, and try to interact with the language a lot more.
So that's, that's what I'd suggest.
>> I love these ideas and these approaches.
I know they were very helpful for me with Russian.
In, in this course, one of the things we talk about is the importance of
pushing your attention very hard.
For example when you're using something like the Pomodoro Technique, and
then relaxing.
You talk about something like that, with your mini-mission brain melting technique,
could you tell us a little about that?
>> Right, yeah, I, I'm actually a big fan of the Pomodoro Technique as well,
I've used that a lot during my intensive study days.
So I definitely agree with that,
I've tried to study all day, it just doesn't work, you need little breaks.
But they then, that also applies over the longer term, so when I was learning
some languages intensely over a couple of months, then that's all my focus.
I'm like, I've given up TV, I've given up like, you know, going to the cinema,
going out and so on and I find, I reach a certain point, where my brain just
feels saturated, and I can't really take it anymore, and it's unfortunate, and
I try to study, but it just goes in one ear, and out the other.
So, I applied this to the kind of medium term scale.
And what I would do is, I would start,
like if I'm in an intensive learning period, so this is not people who
are studying an hour a week, but people who are studying like three or four or
more hours a day, so you're putting every spare second you have in to it.
Then I would be working hard for five or
six days a week, and then I would take one day off.
And I just repeat that process, because if you it consistently for
too long, you you may over exert yourself.
So I'm, I kind of I find that I kind of apply this Pomodoro Technique in over,
over several days.
And then, even bigger than that, I would repeat this process for
four weeks, and then on at the end once a month, I would take the whole weekend off.
So, so it's weird, you would think you know, oh,
I just have to study intensively.
And once again, this is not something necessarily true for everybody, but
I found that I, my limit is about six days of consistent study, and
I need a little break, and then three or
four weeks of consistent study, and I need a proper longer break.
>> Well, boring into some of the specific details of how you learn,
you mention that, that rote rehearsal, just repeating a word over and
over again, for example, is not a good way to remember.
What is a better way?
>> It's not a good way to remember, but it kind of, it kind of works a little bit,
I mean repetition is part of learning any language.
But the catch is I see rote repetition as very asymmetrical.
So, for instance, when I was learning German, and
I saw that the word for [NOISE] table is tisch.
So I just said to myself, tisch, table, tisch, table, tisch, table, tisch, table,
whatever it was, 100 times, or 1,000 times.
And it kind of works such that when I was reading German and I saw the word tisch,
I was like table, because I kind of had that repetitive association.
And if I heard it spoken,
I would remember it, but there's a huge downside is it doesn't work symmetrically.
It doesn't work the other way, if you want to say the word table in German,
you don't have anything that latches you to that,
you just have the tisch kind of association.
So, in that case, I highly recommend people consider using mnemonics,
because this kind of glues the word.
To your... to your memory.
So for instance, in that example with the German tisch.
I would think to myself, okay let's imagine, a table made out of tissues.
So I have you know, a table made out of kitchen roll or whatever it is,
and I put a drink on it, and the table collapses, the drink spills everywhere,
I have to get all of this, all of these tissues and
I have to wipe it up because it's created a huge mess.
So what that does,
is it puts this association in my mind of visualizing a table made out of tissues,
so that when I'm speaking German, and I want to say table, I can just think for
a second, the table was made out of tissues, and I have that association.
So, you have a link that connects the words you want,
to, to the words you want to say, to the translation.
Now, the thing is, you don't need to do this forever,
because you only need the association a couple of times.
And then the word just becomes a natural part of you.
So, there's a great website, memrise.com, M E M (O) R I S E, and
this has people voting up their favorite mnemonics, that's a great system.
Another one is, other than mnemonics, I'm a big fan of spaced repetition,
so there's an app you can install on your smart phone, called Anki.
And this presents the words to you in a way,
that you see them just before you would forget them.
And that's another problem with, like memorizing a big list.
Is you may see a word that's important to you, but you may not see it again for
a very long time.
And you may see the simple words over and over again.
So when you use a particular system it shows you the harder words way more
frequently, and the easier words way less frequently.
>> I, I like your ideas of, not only mnemonics but, creative mnemonics for
example with tonal languages.
You use the idea of something falling or something rising in your memory tricks,
and I'd never thought of doing something like that before, so
I think these kinds of ideas are enormously helpful.
And actually in your book, I have read your book, I love your book.
There are dozens and dozens more helpful ideas, and
I could ask you dozens and dozens more questions, but
I want people to actually read your book, so I guess I'll leave off here.
And with that, I'd just like to thank you so much for your wonderful and
very insightful answers.
>> Thank you very much, really appreciate you having me on to talk to everybody,
giving them some inspiration.
Explorer notre catalogue
Rejoignez-nous gratuitement et obtenez des recommendations, des mises à jour et des offres personnalisées.
Coursera propose un accès universel à la meilleure formation au monde,
en partenariat avec des universités et des organisations du plus haut niveau, pour proposer des cours en ligne.
© 2018 Coursera Inc. Tous droits réservés.
