Hello and welcome back. The next section of this course focuses on children caught up in war, terror, and political conflict. And during this week, we will take a look at the experiences and resilience of children who've been exposed to these kinds of devastating wars and conflicts. The number of young people throughout history who've been caught up in war is staggering. We're going to see that with information and studies from World War II, millions of children were affected by that war. They died from conflict, they volunteered in wars and died, they were injured and starved and displaced in huge numbers that the world had to deal with. And today as this course is unfolding, there are millions of other children currently being affected by conflicts around the world. Millions of children still displaced by war, living in areas of armed conflict, recruited as child soldiers and so forth. So what do we know about the resilience of children in these kinds of situations? We're going to discuss the effects of war on children and the research on resilience in the aftermath of war. Here are photographs of the atomic bomb in Japan and a memorial to the children who died in that experience. We're also going to talk about terrorism. This is a photograph from Oklahoma City where some very good research was done on the aftermath of that terrorist attack on a federal building. And here again is a photo of the memorial as it looks now after that terrible attack. We;re going to discuss 9/11 which generated a whole wave of research on how children respond, with very important findings and lessons for us to take home. We're also going to take a look at the special situation of children as child soldiers, those who volunteer as well as those who are kidnapped or coerced into participating in conflicts. What are the effects and how are young people rehabilitated, or reintegrated in the aftermath of those kind of experiences. We'll also look at case examples of individual children that we're going to have video for you to watch where young people tell their own story. We're going to have a child who survived genocide from World War I, and she tells her story when she's in her 90s about the experience she and her brothers and sisters went through. We also will listen to the voices of young people like Malala, and this is a fairly recent photograph from her visit to the White House. We need to hear the voices of children from these kinds of situations. Then in the final segment we'll take a look at new thinking and ideas about research on pathways to peace. War and conflict clearly has devastating effects on children and we can't always help every child who's affected by war. And it begs the question of what we can do to promote a more peaceful world. So we'll end this segment with that discussion.