[MUSIC] Over and over, and over again, repetition gets a bad rap. I want to do something unusual here, I want to actually defend repetition. Now I've been traumatized by repetition just like everyone else has. From hearing something over and over or having something happening outside. A drill or a sound that happens over and over again, and it's really annoying. But here's the thing about repetition, repetition itself is not annoying, it is an intensifier. If you take a look at a pain reliever, popular pain reliever that's on the market. It contains two different pain relievers plus an intensifier and what the intensifier is, is caffeine. Caffeine in this case actually has the effect of intensifying the effects of the pain reliever. And repetition is exactly the same thing. If repetition is connected to something annoying, it's going to make it even more annoying. But often, repetition can be connected to something beautiful and make it even more beautiful. There are so many ways that repetition is used in nature. From our hearts beating over and over again, to our breath coming in and coming out. To day followed by night, to the seasons of spring and summer, and fall, and winter. To the tides coming in and going out. So many things in nature are very repetitious and they work out very well. So it's only normal that we would actually use repetition in our art. Now there's many ways to do this. Obviously, by having a strong chorus like we've talked about. But also things like a front loaded refrain which John Lennon was so good at doing in pieces like Imagine. And Penny Lane or his partner Paul McCartney in things like Hey Jude and Darling. Where the very first thing you hear is the title of the song, and you hear it at the beginning of every single verse. That front loaded refrain can be a very effective tool. Or if you look at a band like Queen. And a tune like Bohemian Rhapsody, where they might take the same syllable, or the same word, like no, no, no, no, no, no, no. And repeat it over and over again. Using repetition in a much, much different way. But still using it to draw the listener in, and keep us engaged. If there's not a lot of repetition in a piece that I'm producing, I often will consider putting in say, an instrumental hook. And a really good example of this is Gotye and the tune Somebody That I Used to Know. Which has a very strong instrumental hook, actually has two of them. That happen over and over again and help keep us engaged, and draws in through that repetition. So I want you just to consider that repetition is not the culprite. You should learn to use repetition instead of having repetition use you or worst yet avoiding repetition. Because repetition could be very, very, very effective. Keep in mind, it is just an intensifier. Repetition can make annoying things even more annoying, but it can make beautiful things even more beautiful.