Well, in this episode we will analyze the following case, or micro-case if you will. This can be found in many textbooks, this very case or the analogous cases, but the idea is as follows. Let's say that we are planning to build a plant to produce some product and then sell it. And one clear option is to just provide some business plan and then to analyze that and make a decision to start building this plant right now. However, in this case we have a nice opportunity to avoid investing all the money right now. Instead, we can engage in a test phase so we can make a much smaller investment in a small scale manufacturing process. And let's say in the year, we will have produced and we will have sold some of these products that you're planning to manufacture. And then, we'll see whether it's a good or bad demand, and what future perspectives are realistic for this project. And then we'll be able to decide at this point one whether to proceed to a full pledge plan, or to say well, it's not going to be that much profitable and put a stop sign. So we are talking about the abandonment option in this case and let's put some numbers that will be easier for us to analyze. So this is the point of receipt right now and we have the ability to, so this is point zero and this is the timeline. So we can invest $250,000 at this point, and then in a year we expect to have one of the two outcomes, in the good successful outcome that derives the probability one-half. We see that this is a good product and then we make a decision here to invest the full $2 million. All numbers are in thousands here, and that will bring us starting from year two, $500,000 in perpetuity. Well, we can arrive at the lower option that also arrives at probability one-half. But here, we have a nice option to say well, we put a stop sign here. And do nothing. Let's see what the NPV of the project would be if we did not have this abandonment option. Well, clearly when we sit here, this stage is very risky. And let's say that for this stage we have the rate of discounting that stays at 25%. Well, if we do not have this option, then we can say what if we apply this rate all the way through? Let's see what the NPV would be. Then the NPV is minus 250, which happens now. And then we have the probability, this doesn't exist. We say, plus probability one-half of the upper path. And here, what do we have? We have an investment of here minus 2 million. Then we have 500 in perpetuity that we have to divide by 0.25. This is the rate that we'll use all the way through. This is the present value of perpetuity at 0.1. All that should be discounted at 1.25 because that occurs at 0.1. But you don't have to, because you can see that 501 over 0.25 that's exactly 2,000, so all this is 0 and we end up with NPV of minus 250. So what is our decision? Well, this is a negative NPV project, we don't have to take it. However, let's say that we arrived at point one and we have the option to stop here. And at this point, we no longer have this dichotomy. We are not playing further with these probabilities. So if we sit at point one, then the future of this project is much less uncertain. And again, this is only for the sake of simplicity. Let's say that if we sit here, then the right rate is r cap, which is 10%. Well, the rate of the first period stays at 25, because this risk and this uncertainty stays. However, further on, whether it's the upper path or the lower path, there's clearly the NPV of 0 here, we can use this rate. Now, let's recalculate this NPV, I will use the blue. We have the same minus 250, but we also have the same one half, because we have to arrive at this point. We have to discount that by 125, one way, but here we have minus 2,000 plus 500 divided by 0.1. And this is 5,000, this is 3,000 and then if you put everything together you have plus 950. Well that's a huge difference. Well, you can say, no wonder, because we used much lower rate here. And therefore the contribution of $500,000 in perpetuity is much more valuable. But like I said before, if we do not have this ability to stop here then we cannot use a different rate at this point in time. So that is sort of, in a very grossly simplified way, the idea of this abandonment option. Now, let me proceed with some more fine tuned idea here, because strictly speaking, even if I stay at point zero I do not have to engage in this test project. So we are producing on this list, the simplified decision tree. And we start at point zero here, in which we can go down there and do nothing. So we can stop right away. Or we can go ahead and go here, and this is the test. And here we invest minus 250, exactly as we did before. And from here, we can go up here, which is a success. That of course, the probability one-half. And then if this is a success at this point, we, the upper, upper path is that we invest here, 2 million and then we get this 500 in perpetuity. So this is only one path. But we, here can have a stop. Let's say indeed this is a good project but for some reason we decide not to invest this 2 million. And on the other hand if here this is a failure case. That also occurs a probability one half. We may put a stop sign here. But we also can say, well we still proceed and invest this 2 million, And let's say here we get just 115 perpetuity. And that will be at negative NPV situation. So you can see that here on this upper path, you will have the NPV of 5 million, this is at r at 10%, as we know. Here, we have some other NPVs that you can easily calculate, but that doesn't really matter. What I'm saying though, is that now we can see some analogy and we can say basically that we observe a call option with the price of 250. This is an option here to make an investment. So, k is 2 million. The length for this option is one year. And then the other thing that we have to know, so this is some kind of volatility here. So basically, I just showed that this decision making threes, they are kind of important in seeing why the ability to put these red stop signs is so valuable. Well, it is valuable just because if we, for example, here, if we could not stop and in case you fail it, we will be pushed to proceed or arrive at the negative NPV project. Like I said before in the previous episode, the key story is the ability to number one, identify the option, and number two to find proper proxies for option valued drivers. So in what follows in the next episode we analyze special keys that is going to be kind of funny also widely discuss. The idea is that we have the ability to invest in the negative NPV project, with the future ability to invest in another larger scale, also negative NPV project. But this very opportunity is valuable enough to bring us back in the black. So in the next episode we'll proceed with this discussion.
