So the last video in this particular module for primate conservation is going to be our non-listed species. During the discussion at 2018-2020 list at the 27th Congress of APS in Nairobi in 2018, there was a number of other highly threatened primate species which were considered for inclusion on the list. For all of these species, the situation in the wild is as precarious as those that are finally on that list, but they've been included in this new category, which is other species considered. So we'll go ahead and we'll address those five species and just talk about much in the same way you would already anticipate the problems and concerns that these species have. The first one is Grauer's gorilla, and this is Gorilla beringei graueri. I've butchered these names so badly, my apologies. It is a critically endangered species that lives in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, suffers from illegal hunting from restricted range from bushmeat, and again, we see this disease transfer, specifically talking about the transfer of Ebola within these populations. Surveys completed in 2015 really showed that there was a catastrophic decline of 77 percent of the population within a single generation since the 1990s, and this is mostly due to illegal hunting. There's an estimated 3,800 of these these gorillas across their range, but bushmeat really is the largest threat to them. So hunting, restricted range, diseases coming through it, and then also we're starting to see some effects of global climate change and really altering their habitat. So there's been targeted conservation, hopefully it'll be able to slow the demise of the species or the subspecies. Here is the Crested Macaque, Macaca nigra. So another critically endangered animal and really what we see is hunting, restricted range, and then habitat loss. So these guys are really only found in a small area up in northern Sulawesi in Indonesia. As we discussed with other species from Indonesia, we've got agricultural expansion, we've got human-induced fires, which are mostly for cattle grazing, so they clear land and rejuvenate those particular areas, and there's also a lot of illegal logging that goes on. Between 2001 and 2017, nine percent and the tree cover was lost in the species range, and really we're starting to get more and more pressure, which really are just left unchecked. So you've got fragmentation of this habitat, and you've also got hunting, which is really going on at a potentially unsustainable rate. The Bornean Banded Langur, Presbytis chrysomelas. Again, a critically endangered species that exist within a restricted range, has very limited habitat and is also suffering from hunting. So you've got habitat declining, and a lot of this is because of cash-crop plantations and forest fires. Here we've got the historic range of where the species were, but we can see that it was already restricted just in its historic populations. But that remaining populations or meeting populations are just a very, very small portion of this area that is experiencing a large anthropogenic effect, a lot of change within this particular area that's restricting forests. The Tonkin Snub-nosed monkey. Got a letter missing in there, apologize. This is Rhinopithecus avunculus. We'll be discussing these guys in much more greater detail when we talk about the Vietnam section, but what we can say is that they are definitely a critically endangered species. They have a restricted range, so that little red x just north of Hanoi, just south of the Chinese border, is really the main stronghold of the species any longer. You've got a very limited habitat, and you still do have some hunting pressure that these animals are facing. This animal is less than 250 individuals, and was actually thought to be extinct until it was rediscovered near the town of Na Hang in Tuyen Quang province in 1989. So a very fascinating species that a good number of my friends have done a lot of the work on and have found new populations of, and as we talked about the Denver Zoo a little bit more, a conservation organization that's really trying to help out in this area. The last species that was on this additional species included is the Siau Island Tarsier, which is Tarsius tumpara, and Tarsiers again, just some of the super freakiest little cool primates. They are critically endangered. We're talking about a very, very restricted range, so one Island within this chain, it is very limited habitat and there's a lot of hunting pressure that happens for these guys. So only known from Siau Islands, Sulawesi in Indonesia, and that's Mount Karangetang, which is a highly active volcano is 55 percent of the landmass for this. Really, there's no primary forests that remains on the Island, and secondary forest might make up as little as 70 percent of the landmass layer. There's no protected areas, although there are some green areas that are set aside as water catchments. But the biggest one, so we've talked about hunting within these guys. The Tarsiers are regularly eaten as a snack food, and so there have been instances and there have been recorded occurrences that up to 10 individuals have been consumed at one sitting. So we're talking about one dinner party or one group of one table at a restaurant is consuming a large number of these creatures in one sitting. So pretty horrifying and pretty amazing that we might lose these guys so rapidly, so definitely an animal of very high concern. So that wraps up our discussion of the top 25 most endangered primates and these additional species, we're going to move on to our next module where we're going to be looking at conservation organizations before we move on to our case study of Vietnam. So we can be continuing on soon.
