The next section we're going to be addressing within primate conservation is Africa, continuing on with the 25 top endangered primates. Again, here we have our regional map, just to give an idea of where these species are located. We'll be talking about Galagos, the Paragalagos, which are located in Tanzania, that is on the east coast there in red. We'll be talking about Cercopithecus, the roloway monkey located in Ghana and Cote d'Ivoire, and that's going to be the blue, so jumping to the west side now. Rungwecebus, which are kipunjis, again located in Tanzania, and that is going to be green. The colobus monkey. So Cote d'Ivoire, Ghana, Togo, Benin, possibly Nigeria. That's going to be in magenta there on the West. Piliocolobus, which is the Niger Delta red colobus looking in Nigeria. That's going to be orange. Piliocolobus, the Tana River red colobus in Kenya. So that's going to be purple. We've got Pans or chimpanzees, that's Cote d'Ivoire, Ghana, Guinea Bissau, Liberia, Mali, and Republic of Guinea, Senegal, and Sierra Leone. That's going to be the western chimpanzees. That's all going to be in yellow over there. Not particularly shocking in terms of distribution when you think about that nice tropical band that we've discussed as good habitat. The first one we're talking about is the Rondo Dwarf Galago. That's Paragalago rondoensis. Again, like I said, located within Tanzania. Similar threats that these guys experience are habitat loss and habitat fragmentation. A lot of their habitat is extensively cleared for agriculture. There's a lot of agricultural encroachment coming into the area, there's lots of charcoal manufacturing, and there's also a lot of logging within this area. Now they mentioned that there are definitely some positive things that are going on. There's been continued monitoring of habitat loss rates, which again, better to understand what's actually going on and what's happening within the areas. They're serving new areas for remnant populations, looking to see if they can find some of these animals in areas that they hadn't known before. There's been an implementation of community-based conservation and awareness, getting the local people involved so that there can be better conservation assessments. Then finally, looking at a population status and phylogenetic relationships between sub-populations, trying to look and see whether this is one species over multiple areas or whether they've been separated enough that you're starting to get phylogenetic distinction. So other subspecies possibility. Here we have our roloway monkey, which is Cercopithecus roloway. You have habitat loss, habitat fragmentation, and hunting, specifically for bush meat. There is a bunch of illegal logging within the area where these guys live, they're definitely losing a lot of that habitat and then that fragmentation that comes with that. So being separated out. The one particular problem that these ones are also facing is that the captive population of them, animals that are not in the wild, but are held in captivity, is now so small that extinction in captivity is also a strong possibility. Not only are we losing them in the wild, but we're losing them whenever they've been in captive instances. This is going to be our kipunji, Rungwecebus kipunji. Some things to note is that there's two separate populations of them, and those separate populations are separated by over 350 kilometers of non-forested agricultural land. Think of it as two forest blocks with no way for those populations to get back and forth to each other. We're definitely talking about situations of habitat loss, habitat fragmentation. These guys are also known as crop raiders, so that crop raiding is causing retribution against them. The Kipunji was discovered in 2003 in southern Tanzania. The total extent of occurrence is much less than a 100 square kilometers. So when we talk about extent of occurrence for listing on the IUCN Red List, these guys immediately were falling into that critically endangered category. Estimates give a total population of about 1,100 animals. As I said about crop raiding, they're usually killed by log traps. So it's retribution for raiding maize, beans, and potato fields. Definitely an interesting species, but one that is facing not only this habitat fragmentation, habitat loss, but also is running into trouble with human populations. We've got the White-thighed colobus, and this is Colobus vellerosus. Habitat fragmentation, habitat loss, and hunting. Again, themes that we see over and over again whenever there is this interface between humans and non-human primate populations. Now, what they're saying for a lot of these guys is that over the last four decades, when you'd go out to the forest, the encounter rates, how often you'd see them, was declining. In fact, it was declining almost 90 percent. Really, the reason for this has been hunting. Hunting is causing the extirpation of a lot of these small local groups, so definitely losing these animals very quickly. We've got the Niger Delta red colobus, and that's Piliocolobus epieni. We've got habitat restriction, habitat degradation, hunting, and selective logging. So the selective logging you can see there on the left, and it's important Colobus fruit trees. It's a tree called Fleroya ledermannii, and they're generally being felled at high rates by artisan loggers. People are going into the forest, choosing these specific trees because they have a higher timber value, and taking them out. Unfortunately, those trees are the ones that the Colobus really do need for food. You've got a restricted range, you've got selective logging of their food items, and that's really putting them at risk for extinction. At present, there really is no areas in the Niger Delta that are formally protected for wildlife, even though it has a great ecological significance. So there's a lot of factors going on here which are really going to be negatively impacting these animals. The reason why there's no photo for this is it notes that to date, photographs of the species have been difficult to obtain, so it's only this one illustration by Stephen Nash. we've got the Tana River red colobus, Piliocolobus rufomitratus. We can look at deforestation, habitat fragmentation, dam building, and invasive plants in the area. The deforestation and habitat fragmentation, we've talked about with many of these species. Dam building, again, as you build up areas and block off river sections, you're going to start to lose and really change that habitat matrix, that landscape ecology of an area. In addition to the dam building, you've got lots of plants that are coming into these areas which do not belong, so that's going to start out-competing a lot of the food items and a lot of the other trees that these species use. All of these factors that are counting for the declines, if not all of them, are really associated with rapid increasing human populations. As we talked about the initial threats, you've got poverty, you've got insecurity and food insecurity, you've got poor conservation leadership among local communities, and then really weak governance by government authorities. Add all these things together, you start to get these deforestation, you start getting animals being hunted within the areas. Really, an area that needs to find some sustainable livelihood alternatives, and the adaptation of different agricultural technologies to improve food production to help not only the human population, but to help save this population of monkeys. We finally talking about our Western Chimpanzees, Pan troglodytes. Now, the chimps used range across 11 countries in the area, but it's thought to have been lost from Benin, Togo, Burkina Faso, and it's very close to extinction in Ghana as well. We see a big range reduction, we see population declines for the species, we see hunting, and we see habitat loss. Another thing that is of great importance is infectious disease. We have a very intelligent species, a very social species, but we've got a species that is coming into greater and closer contact to humans, and that particular conflict, especially in agricultural landscapes, is really causing problems. The animals are coming through and raiding some crops because they've lost their habitat, which is causing the humans to retaliate against the chimps and shoot the chimps when they're in the particular area. So it really is an instance where we need to start figuring out how we can coexist within these changing anthropogenic landscapes. Definitely, issues with poverty, regional immigration, people moving between different areas, poor governance of all of it, unsustainable agricultural practices, and really a lack of land-use planning. All of these factors are going to greatly influence how humans are changing their landscape and moving around their landscape, which is causing again, this greater instance of chimpanzees and humans coming into direct conflict. We'll go ahead and we will close for mainland Africa, and we'll focus on Madagascar in our next lecture.
