[SOUND] Communication is essential for social integration. In this section we are going to refresh our ideas about social integration. Social integration is a much-needed concept, but it has been highly contested in the last decade. According to a recent publication, new migration movements emerging from globalization also require new ways of conceptualizing integration of transnational or transit populations. Integration within fluid and super diverse communities, or the relationship between social integration and intersectionality. Let's think about the quote in the light of what was explained in the previous section. Why do they talk about neo-migration movements? Because in the current phase of global capitalism, migrations display a great diversity of origins and neo-push factors such as climate change, a transnational dimension and in general a greater mobility within migration. Why does integration need to be reconceptualized when we focus on transnational or transit populations? Because we must go beyond the old assumption based on the idea of origin and destination when the population now moves to seek opportunities following changing demands of capital. What are super-diverse communities? Super diverse communities are found in enclaves of large cities where groups of people from diverse migration flows, ethnic and social backgrounds coexist. And may have different transnational connections or even different legal statuses. What is intersectionality, and how does it relate to social integration? Intersectionality is a framework for understanding how characteristics of individuals or groups combined to create specific positions and experiences of privilege. Or oppression in social context that may imply barriers or opportunities for them, for example, being a woman or a man being richer or poorer. Diverse integration models emerged to manage the societies resulting from the migration waves in the 20th century. In the simulation model, immigrants who intended to settle permanently in the new country were expected to give up their cultural heritage languages and ties with the country of origin to become identified with the host society. But this also entailed overlooking experiences of racism or exclusion. The multicultural model was based on the liberal idea of coexistence and the superficial celebration of diversity, but the same difficulties and barriers remain between a mainstream culture and society and minority groups. Interculturalism and social inclusion models were meant to overcome these problems emphasizing the centrality of social relations and equality with a commitment to common values. The integration model needs to respond to the societies resulting from international migration in the 21st century, so we need to rethink them. In some social integration is not cultural assimilation of immigrants and minorities and into the mainstream culture, or the coexistence of diverse ethnic, religious, or immigrant groups in a country. It is not celebrating diversity in food, clothing, and fists or even less the existence of people with diverse looks among the population in our society. Therefore, we can say that social integration occurs when newly arrived, citizens live under the same legal, social and financial conditions as the natives of the country where they settle. That should consist of being treated according to the International Declaration of Human Rights in every country in the world. In some social integration is essential to build a better society for all. The United Nations sustains that to develop diverse, stable, safe and just societies, social integration requires the transformation of social values. And institutions that perpetuate an equal relations, rather than simply helping for the disadvantaged to gain access to mainstream society. It also implies adopting an additive rather than a subtractive approach as we know from research and migration in education that focuses on the learning of new languages and cultures. But to make that possible, it is necessary to look at the integration context and at the local conditions of integration. That is, rather than with only migrants and refugees integration has to do with the whole society and its ideas about migrant groups. Social integration, therefore is all about rights and resources as much as about belonging and participation. And that can be assessed by looking at the interactions between migrants and nationals in symbolic, social, economic, and political spheres. But remember, this never happens in a void because what is needed for such an integration to occur maybe enhanced, or hampered, depending on specific politics of belonging, and the specific positions of individuals in a society. Well, this leads us to look at everyday challenges to social integration. Migrants, and refugees may encounter a variety of barriers. In the horse society, there are likely to face hostility in their everyday interactions, such as racism or color blindness, economic inequality. A rigid class structure for example, deficit views projected on certain groups. That may have a great impact for example, in the children of immigrants in education, although education is thought to be a key to integration. Prejudice and group stereotyping of all sorts, civic stratification that means different legal rights for the same citizens or citizens in a country. Or securitization that is trying to protect society from global risk but by increasing control over the rights and freedoms of individuals and groups. All the previous barriers are part of what has been called everyday bordering which unfortunately is very real. A project called EU Border Scapes has been focusing on different types of borders within and around the European Union. They also produce the film that shows many situations experienced by new, and all citizens with a migrant background in the United Kingdom. They shall, for example, how the current legal framework of the Immigration Act in the long run must be negative or maybe negative for all. Because it could lead to a divided society where people are encouraged to monitor and report on each other. The team behind the film are urging us all to view it, and therefore we are inviting you to watch it now. And, so let's watch everyday bordering by clicking on the link provided and reflect upon some of the situations afterwards. After watching the film, let's think about our countries in the light of the situations described in it. Do you know the current legislation in your country about the rights or lack of them applying to migrants? Could you think of the consequences of any current regulations in your country that may create an increasing hostile environment for migrants? Are you aware of further processes of bordering within your country concerning the access to employment, health, education, housing, or other areas as an impact of current regulation on society as a whole? And also let's think about some other questions. Are there any other people in your country without migrant backgrounds that may experience those impacts beyond the targeting of irregular border crossers? Why? Do you think there is a relationship between diverse experiences of everyday bordering and the risk of losing labor and social rights for all? Finally, how can language learning and support help build a model of society based on social cohesion rather than increasingly divided societies? [MUSIC]
