Peripheral Diseases

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Understanding the Brain: The Neurobiology of Everyday Life

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The University of Chicago

Understanding the Brain: The Neurobiology of Everyday Life

776 notes

Learn how the nervous system produces behavior, how we use our brain every day, and how neuroscience can explain the common problems afflicting people today. We will study functional human neuroanatomy and neuronal communication, and then use this information to understand how we perceive the outside world, move our bodies voluntarily, stay alive, and play well with others.

À partir de la leçon

The Nervous System

Neurobiology is a rapidly growing area of scientific research, and is becoming increasingly prevalent in the news and popular culture. In this course, we will study of the nervous system from a biological perspective by exploring the fundamental concepts in neurobiology, including how we sense the world, how we act in the world, and common neurological disorders.

Peripheral Diseases6:09

Brain Tumors5:46

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Peggy Mason
Professor
Neurobiology

[MUSIC]

So, the difference between the peripheral

and the central nervous system, is important.

It's incredibly important because the diseases.

That affect the nervous system, affect

either peripheral or central nervous system.

They don't tend to affect both.

They're very few.

And the meninges form a very effective barrier against.

Toxins, against viruses, against all sorts of damage, so that the peripheral nervous

system tends to be far more vulnerable, than is the central nervous system.

In addition, the two regions have very different capacities for repair.

If you cut a, an axon in the peripheral nervous system, it can repair itself.

It will reconnect.

If there's a traumatic injury to the

central nervous system that does not happen.

So, the ability to repair is far, far greater

in the periphery than in, in the central nervous system.

And ever since I was a graduate student in the early 80s,

this has been a topic that people have been very interested in.

They've been trying to make the central environment

more hospitable to repair, more like the peripheral environment.

This is something that, this is a, a, a research

area that's had some successes but is, presents an ongoing challenge.

And the truth is that today we still have not achieved

the ability to regenerate or repair within the central nervous system.

So let's, let's look at some of the

Ways in which the peripheral nervous system is vulnerable.

So, it's vulnerable to say a, large molecules such as botulinum toxin.

So, botulinum toxin which comes from spoiled food can get in and it

primarily will effect these peripheral, it will only effect these peripheral neurons.

It will not get past the meninges.

Let's take another example which is viruses and so.

When there is a, one of the viruses is polio.

And polio virus, actually gets in right here at this

synapse between the motor neuron and the voluntary muscle, and it goes back.

It travels back and see, it did a clever thing.

It got through the meninges.

But it got through the meninges by getting

in through this the axon of this motor neuron.

And what does it do in return?

For thanks, it actually kills this motor neuron.

So now, this motor neuron is going to die.

And there, therefore, there is going to be weakness or an inability

to move that muscle that was infected with the polio virus.

Let's look at another virus herpes zoster, and herpes

zoster is a virus that, that produces what's commonly called as shingles.

And in herpes zoster, the, the virus gets

in here, it gets transported back inside the

cell, inside the axon in these sensory neurons,

and then it goes and lives in here.

And if all is great, all is well.

It lives in there and then it never talks again.

But, under some circumstances, the virus can decide to

reproduce and blossom, and it will make so many copies of

itself that it actually sends it back out that way, and what you get is.

A virus all throughout the sensory territory, and what you get is a rash.

So this is the skin, the sensory neuron has a process

that ends in the skin, it takes up this herpes zoster.

This zoster lives in the cell body, but if there's an outbreak, it will send

all these virus particles back out to the skin and you'll get a rash.

And here is an example of somebody who has a rash.

Now, let's notice a couple things about it.

First of all, it's only on one side.

Because the infection is only on one

side and,and these sensory neurons, are, are going to

obey the midline perfectly, so it, the

other half of the face is completely unaffected.

The other thing that you notice, is that it's, it's in this distribution, and

this distribution is one of the most common places to have shingles.

The common place is in the thoracic region right about here.

So and this is a distribution

that has an anatomical basis.

This is the ophthalmic division of the trigeminal nerve.

Luckily, this does go away.

And, it did go away for this individual.

So, another, another example that's more like botulinum toxin is sarin.

Sarin is a big molecule.

And it's only going to affect the periphery.

It's not going to affect the central nervous system.

In the next segment, we're going to talk about brain tumors.

[MUSIC]

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