Cerebellum and Basal Ganglia Cooperation

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Understanding the Brain: The Neurobiology of Everyday Life

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The University of Chicago

Understanding the Brain: The Neurobiology of Everyday Life

772 notes

Learn how the nervous system produces behavior, how we use our brain every day, and how neuroscience can explain the common problems afflicting people today. We will study functional human neuroanatomy and neuronal communication, and then use this information to understand how we perceive the outside world, move our bodies voluntarily, stay alive, and play well with others.

À partir de la leçon

Motor Modulation

You should now have an understanding of how muscles function to initiate movements. However, the brain requires more than just the cerebral cortex to determine what movements to perform and to make those movements smooth and guided. This module, we'll explore the cerebellum and the basal ganglia, fascinating structures that play a major role in movement. You'll also learn how these brain regions are involved in motor learning and disease.

Operational Learning5:39

Parkinson's Disease8:05

Non-Motor Functions of Basal Ganglia4:22

Cerebellum and Basal Ganglia Cooperation5:41

Wrap-Up: Voluntary Movement, part 21:48

Rencontrer les enseignants

Peggy Mason
Professor
Neurobiology

[MUSIC]

I just want to contrast, in this segment, I

want to contrast the cerebellum and the basal ganglia.

These are the two great loops of the brain.

And in both situations, there's a ton

more information coming into them than comes out.

In the cerebellum we know that it's 40 to one.

In the basal ganglia it's probably a sim, on a similar

order of magnitude, so everything has to go through these two loops.

What are they doing that's the same?

What are they doing that's, that's, different?

Well, in this case of the cerebellum,

you have access to very rudimentary sensory information.

Information about where your body is.

What, where you're, how stretched your muscles are and

how your joints are, are, situated, that kind of thing.

In the case of the basal ganglia, the input is very, it,

the message of the input is very carefully controlled by the cortex.

The cortex is telling the basal ganglia what, is controlling.

It's essentially a censor for all that sensory input.

If it can't make it through the cortex,

the basal ganglia is never going to know about it.

That gets censored out.

So, so the cerebell or, cerebellum has access to very mundane information.

And there's no censor.

And as a result, the cerebellum is acting on every single movement, whether it's a

movement of great, whether it's a movement of

great profundity, or whether it's a trivial movement.

Whether it means something to, to you, or whether it's

something that is just, en route to getting something else.

As, and in contrast with the basal ganglia, things have a

meaning and, and normally, when the basal ganglia is firing on all

pistons, then the moods, your motivation, your emotion, your

perceptions, and your actions are all oriented towards one goal.

You're working fully, fully on it with your full brain

focused, fixated, on one outcome, and you use every piece of your brain function.

All that motivation, all that mood, all

that affect, all that emotion, and the perceptions.

You don't see the things that you're not interested, they're, that are irrelevant.

and, and it, and it makes for a very motivated, very compelling movement.

So the basal ganglia are, going to be

critical for making movements that, that are of import.

And they're really not going to care so much

about trivial movements, movements that we're going to forget

about in a moment, whereas the cerebellum makes

no value judgment about the movements that we make.

All of that said, one of the consistent findings that we have from

imaging studies is that every time, the basal ganglia are involved, or, in

almost every action that we make, the cerebellum is involved, and maybe that's

just, the cerebellum is involved just because of the nuts and bolts of movement.

But there is some growing idea that the cerebellum is also involved in evaluating

thoughts and emotions, and that these also, go through the, the cerebellum.

And indeed, the cerebellum does receive information about thoughts and emotions.

It just receives all this other sensory input

that kind of outweighs that under normal circumstances.

But ruling out a, a role for the cerebellum

in some of these, higher abstract functions and higher

in some of these, complex, illnesses and disorders, such

as substance abuse, I think, would be a mistake.

It, I think that it's probable that the cerebellum does

make a contribution to all of these things, including substance abuse.

So that when a person finds themselves in an environment, and where they have taken

drugs and been rewar, been pleasantly, had a pleasant outcome

from taking drugs, there is a memory of that pleasant outcome, but there's also

that sensory environment that plugs into a, a, a cerebellar motor learning.

And there might be a motor component, a motor-learned component of,

drug taking that the cerebellum, contributes to.

But certainly, we know that the basal ganglia contributes to

and, and, the only point here is just to say

that the cerebellum also probably works with the basal ganglia to support

this overwhelming compunction to take, drugs of abuse.

Okay, in the final, segment, we'll just wrap up

all of movement in, in, in a few minutes.

[MUSIC]

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