So in addition to artillery, another key ingredient in the military revolution
that picks up in the 1700s are advances in military engineering.
For example, how to design intricate fortifications?
Like this one, developed by Frenchman named.
This is a design for fortress on the Rhine River.
I know it looks like some sort of intricate artistic design, but
these are actually walls.
Various star shapes that create interlocking fields of fire.
An enemy charging here could be fired on from here and from here.
And then if they breach this rampart, there's another set of ramparts beyond it.
Often, the walls were sloping.
So that if a cannonball hits them, it won't have as big an impact and so on.
Very advanced fortifications, that's a kind of military engineering and
military engineering also applied at sea in the development of navies.
In the last presentation, we talked about the rise of navies.
The rise of ships that can carry dozens of heavy cannon
can wage heavyweight battle at sea as you see depicted in this painting.
Also, different kind of armies not just masses of charging horsemen or
running soldiers.
Professional, drilled armies.
Let me just take a moment to explain.
Professional, long service, well-trained experienced.
Drilled, why?
To use the guns more effectively.
To use them in unison in mass.
To use them in situations where some people are firing while some people
are loading.
To be able to do that under fire requires drill and training.
No country more epitomized the drilled robotic quality of these new
kinds of armies than the Prussian army.
Here are Prussian soldiers advancing across a field.
You see a few soldiers are getting hit, following the rest of them marching on.
This painting depicts French soldiers fighting against mounted horsemen,
mamluk warriors of the Ottoman Empire in 1798 in Egypt.
One thing to notice here, both sides have firearms.
It's not that guns give the French the advantage, both of them have guns.
Look at the French, however,
in ranks against the charging horsemen of the mamluk cavalrymen.
Drawn up into what are called infantry squares,
they can deliver ordered salvos into the cavalry breaking their charges.