Part 2 : L'Expo58 et le tout à la voiture

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En provenance du cours de École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne

Mobilité et urbanisme

70 notes

École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne

Mobilité et urbanisme

70 notes

Le cours présente un tour d’horizon introductif des interactions entre la mobilité et les dynamiques urbaines. Il propose des outils méthodologiques et opérationnels permettant d’appréhender et de réguler la mobilité. Ces vingt dernières années, la mobilité urbaine a beaucoup changé. Le nombre de déplacements de loisirs a augmenté tandis que la part des déplacements pour motif travail a diminué. Dans le même temps, de nouvelles formes de mobilités se sont développées, comme la multirésidentialité, la pendularité de longue distance, le tourisme urbain et l’excursionnisme. Ces changements ont été concommittants de transformations urbaines comme l’étalement urbain ou la fragmentation. Dans ce contexte, la mobilité est un enjeu pour l’ingénierie des transports urbains et le développement territorial, en particulier urbain: sa régulation nécessite une appréhension nouvelle de la demande de transport. Le cours montre ainsi aux étudiants les interrelations entre la ville et la mobilité, l’espace urbain et les flux de déplacements, tout en leur offrant une vision renouvelée du transport et de son impact sur le territoire et les modes de vie.

À partir de la leçon

La transformation des territoires par la mobilité

L’objectif du premier cours est d’identifier les qualités conceptuelles que doivent avoir les outils de description des flux et des déplacements pour répondre aux enjeux de l’aménagement du territoire et de l’urbanisme contemporain. Il consiste en une série de discussions théoriques autour du concept de mobilité.

Part 1: La jonction Nord-Midi9:08

Part 2 : L'Expo58 et le tout à la voiture11:01

Part 3: Le piétonnier de Bruxelles13:04

Rencontrer les enseignants

Vincent Kaufmann
Professeur
Laboratoire de Sociologie Urbaine, Faculté de l’Environnement Naturel, Architectural et Construit, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne
Aniss M. Mezoued
Docteur
Laboratoire de Sociologie Urbaine, Faculté de l’Environnement Naturel, Architectural et Construit, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne
Bernard Declève
Professeur
Faculté d’Architecture, d’ingénierie architecturale et d’urbanisme, Université catholique de Louvain

<I> (narrator) Regarding the context of the Expo 58, it must be remembered </ i>

<I> that it is the first World Expo after the war </ i>

<I> in a context of development, as we are in the beginning The Glorious Thirty, </ i>

<I> and of a will to pacify the world so peaceful relations </ i>

<I> are at the heart of the theme of the expo. </ I> And so we contemplate, thanks to the means

of technology that are available, interplanetary travels, with Sputnik

the highlight of the Russian pavilion, but also planetary travels.

Trips become handy, thanks to the car.

The French pavilion exhibits in its center the DS 19, the name is, of course,

iconic and it is the dream for this post-war generation

to think that the borders will open and that we will be able to travel as we please.

Expo 58 will be an opportunity for profound transformations for Brussels

to fit it to the car but these transformations will enroll

in some continuity, historian Christophe Loir has

shown that the modal segregation processes of public space

was at work since the early nineteenth century with, first,

the establishment and development of a promenade for pedestrians,

the creation of sidewalks and then, progressively, with the arrival of mechanical

modes of travel in the city, the confrontation, the competition

between the different modes in the public space. And even before the war,

we complained about the increased traffic and the problems

related to this traffic. And so in 1936,

two pieces of legislation will be adopted in Belgium.

First, the obligation for pedestrians to circulate exclusively on the sidewalk,

and secondly, the authorization for vehicle owners

to leave them parked without a driver on public roads.

And so these two decisions, prepared what was to come later,

that is to say the opening of the public space to flow, rapid flow,

automotive flow, both the circulation flow and also the parking

and the hold of the automobile on the public space.

<I> (narrator) A second important item </ i>

<I> it is the development of a new science, the science of traffic </ i>

<I> the "traffic engineering" that had developed </ i>

<I> in the interwar period in the United States, and that a senior Belgian official, </ i>

<I> the general director of Department of Public Works, </ i>

<I> Henry Hündermarcq, went to learn in the United States and import in Europe. </ I>

<I> So this official was the spearhead of these urban </ i>

<I> transformations experienced in Brussels but beyond that, he also has been </ i>

<I> one of the pioneer and thinker of the European motorway network. </ I>

<I> (narrator) Brussels, site in the center of the capital </ i>

<I> M Vanaudenhove, very paternal, </ i>

<I> embraces the girl who presents to him the scissors of circumstances </ i>

<I> and this is how the Minister inaugurated the first tunnel of the small ring. </ I>

<I> This gesture accomplished, the personalities in procession pass under the street of the Act (Rue de la Loi). </ I>

<I> It is to the Mayor of Brussels, Mr. Cooremans that belongs to cut </ i>

<I> the ribbon that bars off the exit of the work of art. </ I>

<I> The spectators who were watching the scene, might have thought: "And one down!" </ I>.

What characterizes the works that transformed Brussels

for Expo 58, is their speed

unlike any other major projects that Brussels and Belgium have known.

In 3 years, from 1955 to 1958, nearly 130 km of roads were created

or renovated, it's a countless number of intersections that have been built,

about thirty bridges were built, six tunnels and a viaduct

in the city, a big six-storey parking, well-named parking 58,

in the heart of Brussels and close to 35,000 parking space

on the Expo site.And so the 1958 due date served

as very strong pulse to initiate a plan that would continue

later because it was only a part of the most urgent work

that had been made at this time. <I> Then, a second interesting item </ i>

<I> is that Expo 58 also was an opportunity, perhaps paradoxically, </ i>

<I> to renovate the public transport network and the tram network in Brussels </ i>

<I> particularly because the organizers of the exhibition and the authorities of the time </ i>

<I> were well aware that not all the visitors were going to come </ i>

<I> by car. The automobile coverage of households still being </ i>

<I> very low at the time. And so, this is an element which explains why </ i>

<I> Brussels did not cast aside its tram network at the time, </ i>

<I> unlike many other cities in Europe. And continued to perceive </ i>

<I> the tram, the surface public transportation as both a necessity, </ i>

<I> and a disability, regarding the flow, </ i>

<I> the fluidity of the automotive traffic. </ I>

<I> And nothing has been done for many years to enhance </ i>

<I> the speed of the surface transport </ i>

<I> by installing them, for example, in protected sites. </ I>

<I> The context of the 58 expo was of the functional city, </ i>

<I> of the Athens Charter, with the separation of functions </ i>

<I> in the city and the development of the tertiary function, </ i>

<I> of the tertiary employment with the prospect of making Brussels </ i>

<I> a great international capital. </ i>

<I> The authorities were preparing to defend the candidacy </ i>

<I> of Brussels as the headquarters of the main insititutions of the Union </ i>

<I> and later the NATO and other institutions as well. </ I>

<I> So many great works of the time have targeted the transformation of the city </ i>

<I> and of the heart of the city as a work area, an office space, </ i>

<I> a great project that emerged at roughly the same time, </ i>

<I> a little bit after the Expo 58 is the transformation of the northern district, </ i>

<I> the Manhattan plan, a symptomatic name. Speed projects, of high-speed, </ i>

<I> highway projects were concretely embodied in these large urban projects </ i>

<I> since in this northern district were to cross highways </ i>

<I> from the north of Europe and were expected to join ... to connect the south, </ i>

<I> along the East/West highway coming from Ostend to Germany. </ I>

So these changes led to the development,

as in many cities at the time, of peri-urbanization

since the center was devalued, or at least devalued

regarding the housing, it was just supposed to be a place of business

and a place of commerce. And the peri-urbanization,

which had already begun in the 19th century in Brussels for the categories of the

middle and upper classes, was amplified from that time.

<I> One of the great achievement of the Expo 58 was the construction of the viaduct </ i>

<I> on the Boulevard Leopold 2 that leads to the Basilica of Koekelberg and beyond </ i>

<I> to the North Sea. It's called the Sea Viaduct precisely </ i>

<I> and allowed drivers to spend a day at the beach. </ I>

<I> The viaduct was fairly quickly decried as it faced the bedrooms </ i>

<I> of local residents that lined up this work of art. </ i>

<I> So, in the 80s, it was decided to demolish it </ i>

<I> and to build in its place a tunnel. Brussels and Belgium, </ i>

<I> has a long tradition of underground so it was an opportunity to build </ i>

<I> the longest road tunnel in Belgium. And, in reality, also to increase </ i>

<I> the road ability of this artery, since instead of the viaduct </ i>

<I> which had 3 lanes, which was fueled regarding the importance </ i>

<I>of traffic with two bands in one way and in the other, a tunnel was created </ i>

<I> with twice two bands while readjusting the area </ i>

<I> to the benefit of traffic. </ I> So this is a first evolution

but which does not really manifest a paradigm shift.

The recent destruction of Reyers Viaduct is probably more part

of a change in design of the development of the urban space

and of the urban public space insofar

this destruction was not accompanied by the decision,

or on the contrary, led to the decision to give up

digging a new tunnel. So the road capacity will be reduced

there and the area will be developed into an urban boulevard, according to this logic

however, of modal segregation, where there will be a space for pedestrians,

a space for cyclists, a space for cars.

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