Le recyclage des batteries et des moteurs électriques

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En provenance du cours de École des Ponts ParisTech

Mobilités et véhicules électriques

29 notes

École des Ponts ParisTech

Mobilités et véhicules électriques

29 notes

L’objectif de ce MOOC est d’aider ses apprenants, quel que soit leur profil, leur formation ou leur pays d’origine, à construire une réponse personnelle à des questions comme celles-ci : - Les voitures électriques seront-elles les dernières à circuler dans les métropoles du XXI° siècle ? - Le gain environnemental associé à l’électrification des véhicules justifie-t-il des investissements massifs dans les infrastructures de charge ? - Le véhicule électrique est-il réservé aux riches des pays du Nord ? Grâce à ce MOOC, les participants pourront acquérir des connaissances issues des sciences de l’ingénieur, de la sociologie, des sciences de l’environnement, de l’économie, de la géographie et des sciences politiques pour évaluer, analyser et mettre en œuvre le déploiement des véhicules électriques là où il est pertinent. Le Groupe Renault et les écoles de ParisTech collaborent depuis bientôt 15 ans sur des sujets liés à la mobilité durable. Ensemble, ils ont créé deux Masters (Transport et développement durable en 2004, Mobilité et véhicules électriques en 2010) et l’Institut de la Mobilité Durable (IMD), en 2009, pour accompagner les mutations en cours. Le MOOC Mobilités et véhicules électriques est issu de cette histoire commune et a été élaboré à partir d'un cours délivré au sein du Master Mobilités et Véhicules Électriques, piloté par Arts et Métiers ParisTech en partenariat avec Ensta ParisTech, Mines ParisTech et l’École des Ponts ParisTech. Ce cours est en français, cependant des sous-titres en anglais sont disponibles pour toutes les vidéos et vous pouvez écrire vos messages dans le forum en anglais si vous le désirez./ This course is given in French, nevertheless English subtitles are available for all videos and you can write your posts in the forum in English if desired.

À partir de la leçon

Chapitre 2 - Mobilités électriques et réduction de l'impact environnemental

<p>Dans ce chapitre, nous étudierons les enjeux des changements climatiques puis mènerons une analyse prospective quant aux évolutions des émissions de gaz à effet de serre tout au long du XXI° siècle. <br/>Nous examinerons ensuite le rôle des transports en termes de pollution locale de l'air et de bruit.<br/> Pour pouvoir déterminer la performance environnementale des différents types de véhicules, nous présenterons l'analyse de cycle de vie puis mobiliserons cette méthode pour comparer les performances des véhicules thermiques et électriques en termes de préservation de l'environnement local et global.</p><p>Le chapitre est constitué de 6 vidéos de cours et d'un <em>Point méthode</em> permettant de définir ce qu'est l'analyse de cycle de vie. Il est complété par un entretien avec un expert du groupe Renault pour traiter spécifiquement du sujet des batteries du point de vue de leur impact sur l'environnement. Il se conclut bien entendu par une évaluation sous forme de quiz. Cette évaluation ne porte que sur les vidéos de cours et est notée.</p>

Le recyclage des batteries et des moteurs électriques7:30

Rencontrer les enseignants

Virginie BOUTUEIL
Researcher
LVMT (City Mobility Transport Lab), École des Ponts ParisTech
Émeric FORTIN
Head of the Master in Transport and Sustainable Development
Direction of Studies, École des Ponts ParisTech

-Hello.

-Hello. -You are Strategy and Environmental

planning Vice President.

Which main environmental challenges do electric vehicles respond to?

-The automotive industry must respond to three environmental challenges:

the issues of climate, air quality in urban environments,

and resources since some resources will start to be lacking

and some are already in a critical state.

Electric vehicles respond

to the first two challenges.

Regarding the issue of climate,

we are able to decarbonate our mobility

thanks to electric vehicles.

And regarding air quality in urban environments,

it is the ultimate response

to the issue of vehicle emissions in cities.

-Do you think the hierarchy between environmental issues

is the same everywhere in the world?

Or, to sell customers on electric vehicles,

will you adopt different strategies?

-The environmental emergencies vary according to the countries

and to the markets.

In Europe, we will insist on decarbonization issues.

This is where we will have the more benefits in terms of climate

since electricity is relatively decarbonated

in Europe.

And there are more and more active decarbonization plans.

Some countries even have

renewable energy rates over 50%, Denmark and Spain, for instance.

So electric vehicles have particularly positive effects

on climate issues.

In other countries, such as China,

electricity is not as decarbonated as it is in Europe.

However, the immediate benefit on air quality in urban environments

is essential there and it justifies the push from the government

for the development of electric vehicles.

-There are some questions regarding the impact of batteries

on electric vehicles' environmental balance.

Could you tell us more about your analysis on the subject?

-I see the recycling of electric vehicle batteries

as a wonderful opportunity to solve the resource issue.

This is true for the battery but also for other car components,

some materials are under strain

and some are in a critical state

to be supplied continuously and sustainably

if we keep extracting them.

Regarding materials such as lithium,

cobalt, nickel or copper, recycling is the solution.

The main upside of electric vehicles, especially Renault's,

is that we rent the batteries

to most of our customers.

We own the batteries, we keep track of them,

and 100% of them will be collected and recycled.

It is not complicated to recycle them

and to recover the important materials.

All of this is regulated and we absolutely manage to do it.

So we have a product with an extremely high recycling rate.

Lithium-ion batteries are also found in computers

and cell phones with much lower collection rates.

Do not worry, we will be able to recover the materials

and turn this into a competitive advantage

to restock and make new batteries.

-In the end, does recycling help limit the impact of batteries

on the environmental performance of a car?

-The car's environmental performance is measured with standardized tools,

life-cycle assessments.

Several have been made

and we have been collaborating with organizations

which want to work with us on the matter.

The balance is clearly positive for electric vehicles

throughout the entire life cycle, from material extraction,

vehicle and car manufacturing, usage and end of life.

Recycling plays a part in offsetting

the excessive impact of production.

The latter is absolutely offset by the usage stage.

In addition, we are documenting more and more of the benefits

brought on by the contribution of the battery

to the energy transition

through smart charging and batteries' stationary second life.

So we will have elements to boost the development of renewable energies.

When you add it up, there is no doubt

as to the environmental benefits of electric vehicles.

-LFAs measure the impact on climate change,

on eutrophization, etc., but what about air quality?

-LFAs do not include it and I am glad you pointed it out.

But we wanted to measure this impact.

We worked with specialized organizations

and cities who wanted to partner up

to quantify what benefits we could get on this issue.

We worked with Roma and Hong Kong.

We showed that substituting about 20% of thermal vehicles

by electric vehicles

led to a 30% reduction in emissions as a whole

and the pollutants we are exposed to.

And in particularly polluted streets and areas,

we went down under the admissible limit for individuals.

This is significant and it helps convince the cities

to implement public policy levers

to promote electric vehicles.

-During the COP 21,

some speakers were travelling using ZOE or Nissan LEAF

provided by Renault and the Renault-Nissan Alliance.

How much will electric vehicles contribute

to reaching the COP 21 goals?

-We are already working

on a long-term vision and a long-term roadmap

to reach the goal of remaining under two degrees

for transport sector.

By 2050, we want to double our car fleet on a global level,

which is huge.

We would have to divide by 4 all emissions from individual vehicles.

To do so, electric vehicles will be indispensable.

This will have to be associated to a decarbonization of electricity

as the states have agreed to.

This is also indispensable.

We will also need to reduce the amount of kilometers travelled per person.

In other words,

do away with the unnecessary, the time wasted looking for a space

or in traffic jams.

We should also be able to find solutions to this,

thanks to connected and autonomous vehicles

which will help us to better manage traffic, our trips,

and the intermodality between means of transportation.

-Thank you very much.

-You are welcome.

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