-In the second video on the LCA and well-to-wheel analysis, we are going to present the comparative study of the results from the well-to-wheel analysis with a focus on electric vehicles. This analysis will show the results, as you can see here, regarding greenhouse gas emissions in grams of CO2 equivalent per kilometer for each type of sector. We can see here for conventional sectors, diesel and petrol, the various results, in blue for the well-to-tank step and in orange for the tank-to-wheel step. If we look at petrol and diesel, the well-to-tank stage has the lowest amount of greenhouse gas emissions whereas the tank-to-wheel step amounts for over 70% of total emissions. If we compare petrol and diesel to the hybridization, or the addition of an electric powertrain to the conventional powertrain of these two engines, we can see that hybridization helps reduce a large part of greenhouse gas emissions thanks to the use of electric energy in a thermal car. Then, regarding natural gas, we can see that the well-to-wheel analysis for natural gas is very similar to the balance for petrol and diesel. But if we compare these results to the alternative engines, here biogas produced from either waste, cultures or algae, the results are better in terms of emissions for the alternative engines because of carbon neutrality. This will also be true for all alternative sources made from biomass. For instance, if we look at the biofuel and biodiesel engines... Here are the results for all biofuel sources, made from palm oil, sunflower oil, canola oil, soybean oil or algae. We can see that, apart from the algae, whose well-to-tank analysis produces a lot of greenhouse gas emissions, the other sources emit much less greenhouse gases than the traditional diesel engine, mostly thanks to carbon neutrality. With biodiesel, there are some emissions during use because biodiesel contains methanol. For biodiesel engines, each is divided into two columns, for each biodiesel production method. This is because of the biodiesel production process which may have some derived by-products used in other industries. Depending on the use for the derived by-products, the balance in terms of total emitted grams of CO2 will be different. For instance, for palm oil, the derived by-products may be used in the pharmaceutical industry, or for animal feed. Depending on how they are used, the results will be different. Now, regarding alternative sources for petrol, such as bioethanol produced from sugarcane, from beet roots or cellulose, we can see that the balance is very positive for the alternative sources thanks to carbon neutrality. Regarding synthetic diesel fuel, we can see that the analysis for synthetic biodiesel from natural gas or coal is almost the same as that of diesel, and worse in the case of coal. And regarding biomass, the analysis in terms of greenhouse gas emissions is much more advantageous also thanks to carbon neutrality. Let us look now at electric engines using electricity or hydrogen fuel cells. We can see that, by using electricity or hydrogen which do not emit any CO2 during use, these have very reduced emissions compared to the conventional engines, petrol and diesel. Now about electric vehicles, we saw that they had zero CO2 emission during use but that they still emits something because we have to take into account the production of this energy. This graph shows you greenhouse gas emissions for electric energy production in different countries. The first bar is the European mix. The second one is the French electric mix, the third one, the Brazilian electric mix, the fourth one, the Chinese electric mix, and the fifth one is the diesel engine just for comparison. Now let us look in more details at the results for electric vehicles. This graph showed the results for the electric European mix but we could also have looked at the electric mix in other countries, for instance, the French, Brazilian or Chinese mix. These electric mixes have very different characteristics. For instance, the French mix is not very carbon intensive, as it is over 70% nuclear. The Brazilian mix uses a lot of renewable energies, such as hydroelectricity which is not very carbon intensive either. And the Chinese mix is very carbon intensive, since it mostly relies on coal. This shows that well-to-wheel analyses allow us to see that, for electric vehicles, the influence of the electric mix is very important on the end result. With an electric mix similar to the French one, electric vehicles have very low carbon emissions compared to a diesel vehicle. However, with a more carbon-heavy mix, such as the Chinese mix, the benefits from electric vehicles in terms of emissions are lower. As a conclusion, in this lesson, we saw two videos about well-to-wheel analyses. These analyses are a simplification of life-cycle analyses to calculate the environmental impact associated with the use of passenger cars. We are studying two impacts: fossil fuel consumption and greenhouse gas emissions. Biofuels allow us to strongly decrease greenhouse gas emissions thanks to carbon neutrality. But we should look at other impacts associated with the use of biofuels such as the land use changes, if we replace a forest with cultures associated to the production of biofuel. And electric vehicles also lead to a reduction in emissions thanks to the use of electricity. However, we have to consider that the electricity had to be produced from energy sources which may be more or less carbon intensive. The electric mix has a significant influence on the results of the well-to-wheel analysis of an electric vehicle. In addition, we could also consider other aspects, for instance, analyzing the impacts on air pollution by looking at the amount of particles, NOx or SOx emissions, produced during the two phases of a vehicle life cycle. We could analyze the impact of the land use changes on the results for biofuels. And to complete the analysis, we could consider economic aspects, especially by calculating the cost of one tonne of CO2 which we avoid producing with alternative sources to conventional powertrains. Thank you for your attention.