[MUSIC] Now let me shortly mention one more perspective, also taking into account followers, in the notion of effective leadership. This is a theory called Leader Member Exchange. And basically, the key foundation of this theory is saying that, well, leaders develop a relationship with different followers that are not exactly the same. Maybe you can relate to this. Maybe for the person you admired, the leader that you wrote down. Do you think everyone that was being led by this person had as much admiration for the person as you did? Maybe yes, but maybe no. And if you're starting to see here that there may be differences in leadership between different type of followers, you are getting to the logic of thinking through a Leader Member Exchange type of glasses. This theory, this perspective, says that the relationship between the leader and follower is very important in understanding leadership effectiveness. And in particular, and there's also quite a bit of support for this by the scientific literature, the better the relationship, the better and the more effective the leadership. Now, the implication would be simple one could think. Why isn't it not important? Why shouldn't be easy that leaders develop a so-called high-quality relationship with all of their followers? Well, this is a matter of time and effort in its most basic form because if you're leading many people, of course in theory, it's easy to see that it is important to develop a good relationship with each and everyone of your followers of all the people that you work with. But in practice, this may just not be so easy, because you're not only leading these people, you're also doing many other things in your organization that also help to move people towards the common goal. So what is then a high-quality relationship in the first place, and what can you do? So this theory, Leader Member Exchange, also sometimes simply called LMX Theory says that high-quality relationships are characterized by a leader giving support, showing concern, caring for the person, involving him or her in decisions, and making it very clear how this person contributes to the collective outcomes. Now in lower quality relationship, it's not necessarily that bad things are happening there but it's simply a type of relationship in which there's less time for interaction, there's less support, there's less appreciation. Which is not necessarily a bad intention from the leader but in many cases it's simply a matter of time spent on the persons. So, what this perspective basically says is that it is important for understanding leadership effectiveness to take into account the relationship between leaders and followers. And this is quite a step forward again, if you think about the perspectives that we have seen so far. Trait theory is only about the leader. Behavioral theories, it's about the behavior of the leader, but again it's only about the leader. The situational leadership as we've seen it does take into account followers, but basically analyzes them and doesn't acknowledge explicitly that there is a relationship between these leaders and followers. So if we think about the contribution of this LMX Theory to our understanding of leadership, what we see here is that it's very important to take into account that leaders, as persons, as human beings, develop a relationship with their followers. Of course also persons, also human beings. And this relationship is, in the end, what defines for an important aspect the leadership effectiveness. So with that, let's take a moment to reflect on the leader that you admired. And maybe take into account some other leaders also now that you've worked with. If you think about the theories as we've seen them so far, the trait theory, the behavioral theories, and now the contingency theories. Could you start formulating, let's say, a list of tips and tricks for the leaders that you've worked with, or many for yourself, If you're striving to become in a leadership position. Think for a moment, based on the theories, based on the glasses that we've put on so far, what recommendations you can give for leaders based on these theories. [MUSIC]