[MUSIC] [FOREIGN] >> Hello, how are you? How is your progress? In every new module there's less and less new grammar. So modules eight and nine are mostly dedicated to reviewing and consolidation, as well as enriching your vocabulary and knowledge about the culture of conversation in Japanese. We have already encountered cases when the English translation has more lexical and grammar items than the Japanese original. Do you remember the example about the phone if the copula- >> [FOREIGN] >> From the previous module? This is a standard situation for all languages, but in Japanese it is especially frequent because auxiliary particles, suffixes, and verbs bear a lot of meaning. Besides, a characteristic of Japanese is its high dependence on context. On the one hand, it simplifies communication greatly if you know for sure which phase to use in this about context. On the other hand, if you do not know the context you will hardly be able to understand and translate the phrase correctly. Such tech tools in the Japanese language and mostly associated with educate phases. Together with the heroes of our course you have already visited Japanese friends, had lunch with them in restaurant, and know which phases are said in those cases. But it happens the same phrase is used in all kinds of situations, and respectively you have to translate it differently and in some cases it should not be translated at all. As an example, we could analyze the phrase- >> [FOREIGN] >> It is pronounced to be the first one to end a phone call, when entering by the door before someone, when knocking on someone's door, or entering a room when someone already inside. It is unlikely but you can say, sorry, excuse me, in all those cases and the word- >> [FOREIGN] >> Itself means a blunder or oddness which does not always correspond to the real situation. When you use- >> [FOREIGN] >> In the present tense- >> [FOREIGN] >> It means that you are just planning to trouble a person in some way. And when you use- >> [FOREIGN] >> In the past tense, it means you are apologizing for a blunder that has already happened. We have already covered the cases of using the topic particle- >> [FOREIGN] >> With other case particles, the so called double cases. In this lesson, you will encounter the combination of the particle- >> [FOREIGN] >> With the topic particle- >> [FOREIGN] >> To indicate the place of action. That is to say, the circumstances being the sentence topic. Please note that it is a double case because it follows a noun. Do not confuse it with the parenthesis structure- >> [FOREIGN] >> That starts a sentence and serves to link it in meaning to the previous one. In English, the word place is used into absolutely opposite situations, when asking for something and when given something. For example, can I have a pen please and here is your coffee please. The word please can be translated into Japanese in very different ways. >> [FOREIGN] >> In Japanese it is important not only to memorize words and phrases but also to memorize the contents and situations where those are appropriate. Even if all you know is a few phases, when what you say corresponds well to the situation it makes you look like someone who speaks Japanese well. Just as there are many options for translating the word please and sorry in Japanese, depending on the context there are lots of options for translating the words put on and take off depending on whether you mean clothes and what kind of, shoes, rings, etc. You will find all options in additional materials to this lesson. Today we're going to discuss another type of complex sentences with a casual clause. In the previous module you learn the conjunction- >> [FOREIGN] >> And remember that after the third form of a verb it means consecutive actions. But if the conjunction- >> [FOREIGN] >> Follows a final form of a verb in the present tense with the form ending with- >> [FOREIGN] >> Or- >> [FOREIGN] >> In the past tense, this is a form ending with- >> [FOREIGN] >> Or- >> [FOREIGN] >> The subordinate clause contains the reason for what is in the main clause. For example- >> [FOREIGN] >> I like Japanese food, so I often go to Japanese restaurants, or- >> [FOREIGN] >> He is clever, so he learns characters fast. In English we may sometimes omit some words in a sentence when the semantic links seem obvious to us. In Japanese both links have to be expressed for grammar. It is your choice whether to translate those meanings. Let us analyze the following sentence. >> [FOREIGN] >> The literal translation is the following. I am already coming, so wait for me. But in English you're likely to omit so, therefore when speaking Japanese try to focus on the meaning rather than word for word translation. With practice you will develop the feeling for grammar and will automatically know which form to use.
