[inaudible] You have already passed the middle of our course and learned a lot. You have learned basic grammatical rules and now we're going to learn together how to make your speech more interesting, complex, and diverse. We have already touched upon the topic of adverbs in Japanese. As you might remember, adverbs precede adjectives and verbs, and characterize the degree of quality or action. You should also remember that adverbs are divided into groups. The first group of those derived from e adjectives and ending with a suffix [inaudible]. The second group are adverbs derived from non-adjectives that are attached to adjectives and verbs with the particle [inaudible]. The third group are adverbs that are attached to adjectives and verbs using the particle [inaudible]. Finally, the fourth group are adverbs attached to adjectives and verbs without any particles, including some adverbs from group 3. Today, we are going to study this fourth group. One of such adverbs is the adverb [inaudible] , the most, that serves to form the superlative of adjectives in colloquial speech. In formal written style, the adverb [inaudible] serves the same purpose. Let us analyze the easiest method, the lexical one, using the adverb [inaudible] for colloquial informal speech, and the adverb [inaudible] for formal written style. For example, the most beautiful, [inaudible] the cleanest, [inaudible] the most important [inaudible]. Let us analyze two other adverbs in these group, [inaudible] already and [inaudible] immediately. The adverb [inaudible] is most often used with verbs in the past tense. For example, [inaudible] I have already done it. Also, the adverb [inaudible] may be used with another adverb with verbs in the present tense. For example, [inaudible] could be translated as, I'm already on my way. The adverb [inaudible] is also mostly used with verbs, adverbs, and some postpositions in the meaning of direct proximity both in time and space. For example, [inaudible] immediately after, [inaudible] near, in close vicinity. In Japanese, the category of animate, inanimate nouns is expressed using interrogative pronouns and the verb to be. For animate nouns, meaning people and animals, the verb [inaudible] is used or [inaudible] in polite colloquial speech. For inanimate nouns, basically referring to any noun that is not alive or [inaudible] , the verb [inaudible] is used or [inaudible] in polite colloquial speech. At the same time, when asking about people, one uses a pronoun [inaudible] who, and when asking about animals and object, one uses a pronoun [inaudible] what. Now, let us see how you can express double negatives in Japanese. Double negatives are two negative words used in the same sentence. Such constructions are not used in standard English grammar, but the examples might be the following. There isn't no one, nothing here. There isn't no one. In Japanese, double negatives may be expressed in two ways. In the first case, we use interrogative pronouns [inaudible] or [inaudible] depending on the animate or inanimate noun to which the [inaudible] particle and the verb with the meaning to be in the negative form are added. For the verb, [inaudible] the forms are [inaudible] in the present tense in polite colloquial speech, and [inaudible] in the present tense in formal written style. For the verb [inaudible] the forms are [inaudible] and [inaudible] respectively. So there is sound, is. [inaudible]. There is no one here, and, [inaudible]. There is nothing here. The same meaning may be expressed by replacing the interrogative pronoun with the words, [inaudible]. Translated as, one person and, [inaudible]. The cardinal numeral, one, it is used to refer to animate objects. The [inaudible] Particle is added to these verbs as well. Thus, we might say, [inaudible]. About people and, [inaudible]. About objects. You probably remember that in Japanese, all auxiliary words and particles stand after notional words. This is why in Japanese, there are postpositions rather than prepositions. We have already touched upon them in previous lessons. In this lesson's dialogue, you will encounter postpositions that are derived from nouns and because formally these are nouns in a sentence, they use with case particles. Postpositions are attached to the nouns they modify using the possessive case particle. [inaudible]. The case particle following the postposition is determined by the verb in the predicate. For example, [inaudible]. To be in front of the park or, [inaudible]. To wait in front of the entrance. In the first case, the verb, [inaudible]. Designated location, requires the case particle, [inaudible]. In the second case, the active verb, [inaudible]. To wait, requires a case particle, [inaudible]. That is used to designate the place where an action is performed. I have already mentioned the term verb government. In Japanese, in order not to make mistakes in case particles, try to memorize verbs with the case they govern. For example, the verb, [inaudible]. To understand. Requires the nominative case particle, [inaudible]. To be used with the object. To understand Japanese is, [inaudible]. But the subject of an action, the one who understands, will be used with the topic particle, [inaudible]. He understands Russian. In this lesson's dialogue, you will encounter the nominalizer, [inaudible]. Please, do not confuse it with the possessive case particle. In essence, a nominalizer is a formal noun that is used as a demonstrative pronoun, not to repeat one noun several times. In English, in such cases, countable nouns are often replaced with, one, ones, and uncountable nouns with some, any. Where are the apples? Are there red ones as well? [inaudible] In Japanese, apart from case particles, there are also model-expressive particles that are used at the end of a sentence to express one's attitude towards a conversation partner, or the sentence content. In this lesson, we're going to study the particles, [inaudible] and [inaudible] The particle, [inaudible] , is used if you communicate some information unknown to your conversation partner. If they're lower than or equal to you in status. For example, [inaudible]. Where are tangerines? [inaudible]. Here they are. Please note, that in such cases, the particle, [inaudible] , is used with the falling intonation. The particle, [inaudible] , on the other hand, is used to make sure that the conversation partner also knows the information you're discussing and is translated into English with a tag question. For example, [inaudible]. The weather is good today, isn't it? Please note that in speaking, this particle is used with the rising semi-interrogative intonation. In colloquial speech, compound and complex sentences are often replaced with simple sentences that are joined with special connective, or parenthesis words or structures. In this lesson, you're going to encounter such parenthesis structures as, [inaudible]. In colloquial speech, the phonetic construction, [inaudible] , is often used. This structure is used to introduce a sentence based on or resulting from the previous one. It translates into English as then, well, in this case. For example, [inaudible]. Then, I'm going to buy this book.
