Hi everyone. In this video we focus on a crucial step while beginning our research, that is searching for relevant material. Often scholars tend to get overwhelmed once they discover that a sea of literature is available on their broad area of interest, and they do not know where to begin. On the other hand, some scholars get disappointed if they do not find adequate relevant literature to get them started on their research. In this video, we will see some ways in which we can do a systematic online search in order to ensure that we find material relevant to our broad research topic. Before we dive into the world of online resources, it is vital to be mindful of some considerations which will have important implications for your work. First, to repeat a cliche, the Internet is a double-edged sword when it comes to information, data, and material. You will find a lot of relevant, excellent material online if you know how to look for it. But if you don't, then you might be inundated by irrelevant dubious material which will affect the quality of your research. So, it is of utmost importance to follow what I call certain Internet hygiene practices while looking for sources online. We will look at these practices towards the end of this video once we have familiarized ourselves with the different sources of material on the Internet. But please bear in mind that even though the Internet is an important source of research material, this is not the only source available to scholars. In fact, libraries of institutions where you're enrolled in will be the other valuable source of material, whether in digital or print form. If you have to find materials online, then keywords hold the key for you. Given the tremendous amount of material available, the only way to zero in on relevant material is to ask for relevant, specific material by way of keywords. There are no rules for framing keywords, but allow yourself to be guided by what you consider are the salient aspects of your research. For instance, does your research revolves around a concept like urban governance, supply chain, power block, or international refugee law? Or does it concern a specific phenomenon like a humanitarian crisis, implementation of National Education Policy, or a market crash? Another extremely useful set of keywords will come from the specific time period that you might be focusing on for your research. For instance, your research might be historical focusing on the colonial period or on post 9/11 era, or the period of COVID pandemic, or the second-half of 20th century. Last, if your research revolves around a specific geographical area, that might also constitute one of your keywords in your search. Like Latin America, West Asia, Global South, rural India, and so on. Thinking of keywords, that is the very first step in your journey of research. It is also a way in which you are giving shape to your broad research interests. Keywords evolve as you start reading more about your research area and come to know of specific concepts or elements about your research. The strategy of keywords also requires achieving a balance of casting a wider net at times and being more specific at other times. For instance, to begin with, you might not find much material on digital literacy in rural India, your broad research topic. But if you instead search for digital literacy in South Asia first or rural South Asia, then it might throw up some material that exists for the broader area of South Asia and give you some clues about the phenomenon of digital literacy. The next important question however is this: Where do we go with our keywords? Where do we really search from? Where you search for material is as crucial in determining the quality of your material as the keywords. While in contemporary world we are used to googling all our queries, in the world of research, googling our keywords might be counterproductive. That is because search engines do not classify their sources into academic or research-based, but provide you a vast range of materials, some of which might not be from a credible or verifiable source, some of which might not be rigorously researched, and some of which might be merely advertised. For purposes of research, we rely on databases of rigorously researched work which hold the promise of valid information. There are several databases which are discipline-specific where you will be able to find research clustered around the topics and concepts relevant to a particular discipline. However, certain databases like Google Scholar and JSTOR are very popular in social sciences and used widely to search for relevant research material. Let us look at a quick example of doing an online search via Google Scholar. You see here a screenshot of the results of a search on Google Scholar. Assuming that I'm working on digital literacy in Indian school classrooms, I typed in the keywords, digital literacy in classroom. I see that there are at least two sources which are available to download in the PDF format in the search. However, once I download and quickly skim these articles, I discovered that both these articles revolve around digital literacy in the context of North American schooling. I will, of course, need to go through the articles to understand to what extent their material is relevant to my research. I then try with a different set of keywords, and these are the results that Google Scholar provides me with. Notice, I have made my keywords more specific now, including the context of a primary classroom in India. Sure enough, I get a radically different set of sources with this. While these articles seem to deal with the very specific context of India, it is still important to go through these carefully to see to what extent they might be relevant for my research topic. It is crucial that you do not download excessive material, but first go through the limited downloads in order to assess to what extent they might be relevant for your area of research. Another important method to look for your research material is through cross-references in existing literature. This is a hugely efficient way to locate material. Important authors or work in your area of research tends to be cited across several articles or sources. Scholars benefit by looking carefully through reference lists of articles because in a way they represent neatly curated sources of material on a broad area of research. You stand a high chance of finding relevant material by simply following the thread in these reference lists. Let's see a quick example. I have here a screenshot of two reference lists on two papers that I'm reading for my research on the idea of smart cities in the global south. A careful read points me to articles by A. Datta, which appear in both these lists showing that this author seems to be consistently writing on the topic of smart cities in India. I then download one of these articles stated in the reference list by A. Datta and look through its reference list. This list leads me to some very relevant material on the broader nature of smart cities in Asia and the ideology behind that. This exercise also familiarizes me with the relevant journals where I can search for further material on this topic. Of course, none of these guarantee that you will find material in exact correspondence with your area of interest. However, these are efficient ways in which you stand a chance of coming across more relevant material, making your research easier. Some other useful tips to look for material in an efficient manner is to look for handbooks and curated reviews of literature on a topic. Handbooks are edited volumes which have contributions on a particular topic from many scholars working on that topic. They are a great way to get an overview of the field of research in an in-depth manner. Assuming that I'm interested in working on the broad area of smart city or urbanism in South Asia, here is a screenshot of what I find when I look for handbooks available on the broad area of urbanism. You see a handbook on cities on the global south, another edited volume on bottom-up urbanism and so on. Again, such handbooks on your area might not always be available. But in case they are available, they are an invaluable resource for your research. If you're very lucky, there might also be research articles which are in the form of review of literature on a specific topic, as we see here. These are also extremely valuable sources of research material, especially in the early stages of your research when you're still unsure of what material is available out there. Such reviews of literature are ready-made curations of relevant material for you. Following from our earlier point, evaluating and double-checking the veracity of online resources is an important Internet hygiene practice that you should follow, as more and more of our sources come from the Internet. Here are some basic questions that you must ask of your articles before taking them on board. Who is the author, and can they be located elsewhere on the Internet? As faculty or a researcher and so on. Are their qualifications known? Where is the article published? Is the journal a peer-reviewed journal? Has the website been recently updated? Is the material error-free and edited? You can also look up several online resources on evaluating sources like the one here. These are some ways in which you can ensure that the material that you access on the Internet is reliable and verifiable. In this video, we have seen some useful tips in terms of searching for research material efficiently and effectively. This is crucial since the quality of the material that you find will determine the quality of your research question and eventually your dissertation. Finding relevant, reliable material is the very base upon which you build your research question and your dissertation. Thank you.