本课程根据外国学生学习汉语的特点，比较系统地介绍了汉语的主要语法，像词类、句子成分、单句、复句、篇章、表达方法，等等；着重指出了外国学习者学习汉语语法的难点和重点，并通过大量有针对性的练习，帮助学习者去掌握、运用，从而提高学习者的汉语水平。 According to the characteristics of the foreign student learning Chinese, this course systematically introduces the main grammar of Chinese, such as part of speech, sentence constituent, single sentence, complex sentence, discourse, expression method. This course emphatically points out the important and difficult points in the foreign student’s Chinese grammar learning, and through a large number of targeted trainings, the course helps learners to master and use, thus to improve Chinese level of the learner.
课时 6：语气助词“吧”“啊”
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En provenance du cours de Peking University
现代汉语核心语法
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À partir de la leçon
第四讲助词、叹词和象声词
第四讲主要包括以下语法点：（1）结构助词；（2）动态助词；（3）语气助词；（4）叹词的类别；（5）叹词的作用；（6）象声词的类别；（7）象声词的作用。
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Defeng YangProfessor
School of Chinese as a Second Language
（四）吧。 (IV) ba
"吧"有缓和语气的作用 多用于祈使句，也可以用于是非问句，还可以用于句中停顿的地方 1.
“ba” is used to ease the tone and usually used in imperative sentences, yes-no questions or pause part of a sentence.
1.
用于祈使句。 In imperative sentences
祈使句中常常用"吧" 我们来看两个例子，第一个例子：快回去吧 要不你妈该着急了。 A “ba” is frequently used in imperative sentences. Let us see some examples. Example one: “kuai hui qu ba, yao bu ni ma gai zhao ji le.” (Go back or your mother will be anxious.)
快回去吧，这是一个祈使句，所以呢用"吧" “kuai hui qu ba” is an imperative sentence, so a “ba” is used here.
把门关上吧！也是个祈使句，所以也是用"吧"。
“ba men guan shang ba!” (close the door) is also an imperative sentence, so a “ba” is also used here.
第二呢，用于是非问句 "吧"可以用于是非问句。 Second, in yes-no questions
比如说第一个例子 昨天很热吧？第二个：你学过汉语吧？这都是一个，两个是非问句 For example, “zuo tian hen re ba?” (Was it hot yesterday?) Example two: “ni xue guo han yu ba?” (Did you learn Chinese?) They are yes-no questions.
应该注意的是，"吗"和"吧"都可以用于 是非问句，前面我们说过了啊，但是意思是不同的 It shall be noted that “ma” and “ba” can be used in yes-no question. We have talked it in previous. However, their meanings are different.
用"吧"的句子含有揣测的意思 所谓揣测就是不能肯定，带有猜测的意思 The sentence of “ba” has the meaning of speculation, which is not sure.
用"吗"的没有这种意思，我们比较一下。 The sentence of “ma” is not. Let us compare them.
比如看第一个例子：我们明天考试吗？ 这是一个是非问句，明天考不考试是不知道，所以才问 Example one: “wo men ming tian kao shi ma?” (Is there an exam tomorrow?) This is a yes-no question. It is unknown for the exam of tomorrow.
第二例：我们明天考试吧？ 这是什么意思呢？就是猜测明天考试，但是呢，又不能 Example two: “wo men ming tian kao shi ba?” (Will we have an exam tomorrow?) It is a speculation, which is not sure.
肯定，所以呢才问一问。 Therefore, here comes the question.
所以它们的意思呢，一个是 完全不知道，一个是呢，知道一点，但是呢不能肯定，所以呢 Hence, the first one means that people does not know anything about tomorrow’s exam. Another one means that people know a little about tomorrow’s exam but not sure of it.
后者用"吧"，前者用"吗"。 Therefore, the former is used with “ma” and the latter is used with “ba”.
3. 3.
用在句中停顿处。 In the pause of a sentence
"吧" 也可以用在句中停顿的地方。 A “ba” can be used in the pause of a sentence.
比如说，我们来看一下例子 例一：就说我吧，这个后面有个逗号是停顿了，虽然学了三年汉语，但是说得还不太好
For example,
Example one: “jiu shuo wo ba,…” there is a comma to pause, “sui ran xue le san nian han yu, dan shi shuo de hai bu tai hao” (As for me, I cannot speak Chinese well although I have learnt it for three years.)
所以这个"吧"用在停顿的地方。 The “ba” is used in the pause of the sentence.
②走吧，有逗号 天在下雨；不走吧，这个"吧"的后面也有逗号，也是有停顿，所以又没有住的地方，真是-
②”zou ba,” (go) there is a comma
“tian zai xia yu; (it is raining); bu zou ba,” there is also a comma after the “ba”. It is a pause. “suo yi you mei you zhu de di fang, zhen shi-” (no room to live, it is -)
进退两难 这个连，这三个"吧"都是用在停顿的地方 “jin tui liang nan” (a dilemma). These three “ba” are used in the pause of the sentence.
（五）啊 1. (V) a 1.
"啊"的语音形式和写法 这个"啊"呀比较复杂，复杂在什么地方呢？就是它的 Voice forms and wording of “a” The “a” is complex. It is
变化多端，它的写法也多样 changeable and varies in wordings.
在不同的，它受前面一个汉字的音节的影响 所以呢它的读音呢也发生变化。 It is influenced by the syllable of the preceding Chinese character, so its pronunciation also changes.
比如说，前一个音节，就是"啊"的前面这个汉字 如果是它的韵母是 Take an example of the previous syllable, namely, the preceding Chinese character of “a”, if its vowel is
-i、 -ü 或者 -a、 -e、 -o -i、 -ü or -a、 -e、 -o
这种情况下，它的读音都变成了什么呢？不是"啊"了，是 you 写的汉字呢是这个汉字"呀"。
What will its pronunciation be? It is not “a” but “you”
However, the Chinese character of it is still the “a”.
比如说：说话呀！ 不可以说：说话啊！对吧，喝呀！喝 For example: “shuo hua ya!” (Speak, please!) It cannot be expressed as “shuo hua a!” “he ya! he”
是"呀"，不是写这个"啊" 如果前面一个汉字的声母 It is “ya” not “a”. If the initial and vowel of preceding Chinese character
韵母是 -u 或者是 –ao is -u or –ao
这样的，那么它有读音要受它的影响发生变化，变成了 wa And then its pronunciation will turn to “wa”
那么写的汉字呢，是这个汉字"哇"，比如说：多好哇！多好哇！ 不是多好呀，也不是多好啊。
The Chinese character will be “wa”. For example, “duo hao wa! Duo hao wa!” (Wonderful!)
It is not “duo hao ya” or “duo hao a”.
如果是它的前面这个汉字的 这个结尾的 If the end voice of the preceding Chinese character
这个音是这个 -n 的，那么它读音发生变化 is –n, and then its pronunciation will turn to
要读成 na，比如说，写成了汉字呢是这个 "哪"。 “na”. for example, the Chinese character of “ne” turns to “na”.
所以呢，我们说：天哪！那么它的读音是"哪" 如果它的前一个汉字的这个韵母部分是 “tian na!” (oh my god). Its pronunciation is “na”. If the vowel of its preceding Chinese character is
-ng 结尾的 那么它的发音呢又有发生变化了，变成了 ended with –ng, and then its pronunciation will turn to
[ŋa] [ŋa]，写成汉字还是"啊"。 [ŋa] [ŋa]. It is still “a” in the spelling of Chinese character.
比如说：你真忙啊！ 如果是 (z)i、 (c)i、 For example: “ni zhen mang a!” (you are so busy). If they are (z)i, (c)i,
(s)i 前一个汉字是 (z)i、 (c)i、 (s)i 的，那么，发音是 (z)i、 (c)i、 (s)i
(s)i, the previous Chinese characters are (z)i, (c)i, (s)i
And then its pronunciation is (z)i, (c)i, (s)i
的，那么它的 读音呢又要发生变化，那么变成了什么呢？变成 [za], Its pronunciation changes to [za],
[za] 那么写成汉字没有变化，还是"啊"。 There is no change in Chinese character. It is “a”
比如说：写字啊！ 哪次啊！都是这样。 For example: “xie zi a! na ci a!”
如果它的前一个 汉字的读音是 (zh)i、 (ch)i、 (sh)i，那么它的 If the pronunciation of its preceding Chinese character is (zh)i, (ch)i, (sh)i, and then its
"啊"的读音呢又发生变化了，它读什么呢？ [za] 这个 [za] pronunciation of “a” will change. It will turn to [za].
写成汉字还是"啊"，但是说的时候，我们说：吃啊！ 你有事啊？那么由此可见呢，这个"啊"的
It is still “a” in Chinese character spelling. However, when you speak, you must say: “chi a! ni you shi a?” this shows that the
语音形式和书写啊都是比较复杂，比较复杂 2. Voice forms and writing of “a” are complex. 2.
"啊"的用法 （1）用在句末。 The usage of “a” (1) in the end of a sentence
"啊"常用在陈述句、 祈使句的句末，也可以用在各种疑问句句末 例如，我们来看：你原来是这么个人哪！
“a” is usually used in the end of declarative sentences, imperative sentences and interrogative sentences. For example, “ni yuan lai shi zhe me ge ren na!” (That's what you are).
②想去？走哇！这个 用的是，都是"啊"。 ② “Xiang qu? Zou wa!” the “a” is used here.
（2）用在句中停顿处 口语中，"啊"也可以用在句中停顿的地方，比如说，我们看两个例子，第一个：他这个人啊
(2) in the pause of the sentence
In spoken Chinese, the “a” can be used in the pause of the sentence. For example, “ta zhe ge ren a”
就是这个脾气！用在停顿的地方，有个停顿 ②春节的时候，鸡啊、 “jiu shi zhe ge pi qi!” The “a” is used in the pause of it. ② In spring festival, “ji a,
鱼啊、 肉啊 那么这个都有什么呢？停顿，都有停顿的地方 yu a, rou a” (chicken, fish, meat and so on). There is “a”, there is a pause in this sentence.
都没少吃！那么这个是用在停顿的地方 “dou mei shao chi!” it is used in the pause.
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