本课程根据外国学生学习汉语的特点，比较系统地介绍了汉语的主要语法，像词类、句子成分、单句、复句、篇章、表达方法，等等；着重指出了外国学习者学习汉语语法的难点和重点，并通过大量有针对性的练习，帮助学习者去掌握、运用，从而提高学习者的汉语水平。 According to the characteristics of the foreign student learning Chinese, this course systematically introduces the main grammar of Chinese, such as part of speech, sentence constituent, single sentence, complex sentence, discourse, expression method. This course emphatically points out the important and difficult points in the foreign student’s Chinese grammar learning, and through a large number of targeted trainings, the course helps learners to master and use, thus to improve Chinese level of the learner.
课时6：形容词的类别和作用
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En provenance du cours de Peking University
现代汉语核心语法
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À partir de la leçon
第一讲 名 词、动词和形容词
第一讲主要包括以下语法点：（1）名词的类别和作用；（2）名词与“们”及处所词、方位词；（3）动词的类别和作用；（4）动词的重叠；（5）离合词和能愿动词；（6）形容词的类别和作用；（7）形容词的重叠式。
Rencontrer les enseignants
Defeng YangProfessor
School of Chinese as a Second Language
第三节，形容词。 Section three, adjective
一、 形容词的类别和作用 （一）形容词的类别。 I. Type and role of adjective (I) type of adjective
表示人、 事物等的性质或状态的词呢，叫做形容词 The word or phrase that represents the nature or state of people or things is called an adjective.
形容词，可以按照意义分类，也可以按照句法功能分类 1. Adjective can be typed according to its meaning and syntactic function 1.
意义分类 形容词，按照意义，可以分为"性质形容词"和"状态形容词"两类 Type according to its meaning adjective, according to its meaning, can be divided into two types of “nature adjective” and “state adjective”
（1） 性质形容词 表示人、 (1) nature adjective the adjective that represents the nature people
事物等性质的形容词，叫做性质形容词 像"长、 or things is called an nature adjective, such as ”long,
短、 高、 低、 胖、 瘦、 漂亮、 干净"等 好，我们来看一下例子 short, tall, low, fat, thin, pretty, clean”, etc. let us have a look at some examples.
例 ①，这件衣服太长了 "长"是这件衣服的一种什么呢？性质。 Example ①, this clothing is too long. What is “long”? It is nature.
例 ②，那位老师真高！ 这个"高"呢，是老师的一种性质 Example ②, that teacher is really tall. The “tall” represents a nature of the teacher.
（2） 状态形容词 表示人、 (2) State adjective
事物等的状态或情态的形容词叫做状态形容词 像"雪白、 Adjectives that indicate the state or modality of people or things are called state adjectives, such as “white,
通红、 热乎乎、 冷冰冰、 慢悠悠"等 我们来看一下例子。 red, hot, cold, slow”, etc. let us see some examples.
例 ①，下雪以后，外边一片雪白！ "雪白"是一种状态或是一种样子。 Example ①, after snowing, the outside is white! “White” is a state or a way.
例 ②，孩子刚从外边进来，手冻得通红 Example ②, the child just came in from the outside and his hands were red.
"通红"也是一种状态或是一种样子，所以我们叫状态形容词
“red” is also a state or a way. So we call it state adjective.
来，我们再看一个例子 例 Here is an example of it. Example
③，快上课了，他还慢悠悠地往教室走。 ③, it is time for class, but he still walked to the classroom slowly.
那么 这个"慢悠悠"呢，也是一种状态形容词，表示他走的一种样子或是状态 2. Then, the word of “slow” is also a state adjective and represents a way or state of him while walking 2.
功能分类。 Function type
形容词按照句法功能 可分为"谓语形容词"和"非谓语形容词"两类 （1）谓语形容词。 According to syntactic function, adjectives can be divided into two types of “predicate adjective” and “non-predicate adjective”. (1) Predicate adjective
可以做谓语的形容词叫做谓语形容词 像"大、 小、 长、 Adjectives that can be used as predicates are called predicate adjectives, such as “old, young, long,
短、 远、 近、 厚、 薄"等 我们来看一下例子，就比较清楚了。 short, far, near, thick, thin”, etc. let us see some examples to be clear.
例 ①，我们两个她大，我小 Example ①, she is older than me, and I am younger than her.
这个"大"和"小"就是形容词，它们都做谓语，来说明"她" 和"我"的。
Here words of “old” and “young” are adjectives and are used as predicates to state “her” and “me”.
第 ② 例，学校离我家很远 学校离我家很远，这个"远"也是一个形容词 Example ②, the school is far away from my home. The “far” is also an adjective.
所以呢，它来说明这个"学校 离我家"这种情况 So, it is used to state that the distance between school and my home.
（2）非谓语形容词 只能做定语、 (2) non- predicate adjectivesAdjectives that can be only used as attributives
不能做谓语的形容词呢，叫做非谓语形容词，像"男、 女 and can not be used as predicates are called non-predicate adjectives, such as” boy, girl
黑白、 彩色"等，我们来看一下例子。 Black-white, color”, etc. let us see some examples.
例 ①，我们班男学生多 这个"男"也是一个形容词，但是这个非谓语形容词 Example ①, there are more boy students in our class. The “boy” is an adjective. It is non-predicate adjective
它只能做定语，也就是说只能出现在名词的前面 做"学生"的定语。 and can be only used as an attributive, that is to say, it can only appear in front of nouns. It is used as the attributive of “student”.
例 ②，女孩子都喜欢这种东西 这个"女"也是一种形容词，但是呢，它只能放在名词 Example ②, girls(Nv Hai Zi) like this kind of things. The “girl (Nv)” is also an adjective; however, it can be only placed
"孩子"的前面等呢做定语。 before the noun “Hai Zi” to be used as an attributive.
（二）形容词的作用 形容词可以做定语、 (II) Role of adjectives adjectives can be used as attributes,
谓语、 状语、 补语、 主语和宾语 1. predicates, adverbs, complements, subjects and objects 1.
做定语。 Used as attributes
我们来看一下两个例子。 Let us see some examples.
例 ①，我要大苹果 这个"大"是一个形容词，它做"苹果"的定语 Example ①, I want the big apple. The “big” is an adjective and is used as the attribute of “apple”.
例 ②，谁都喜欢漂亮衣服。
Example ②, everyone like beautiful cloths.
"漂亮"是形容词 它做"衣服"的定语。 “Beautiful” is an adjective and is used as the attribute of “cloth”.
注意（1） "多"做名词的定语，前面应该加上副词"很" 我们来看一下例子。 Pay attention (1) “Duo” used as the attribute of nouns, shall be add with adverbs, such as “Hen”. Let me show you some examples.
例 ①，他爸爸有很多钱 "多"是一个形容词，那么它前边有一个什么呢？副词 Example ①, his father has a lot of(Hen Duo) money. “Duo” is an adjective. What is in front of it? adverb
"很"，它做"钱"的定语 例 ②，很多学生都来过中国。 “Hen”, used as the attribute of money example ②, many(Hen Duo) students have come to China.
同样地，这个"多"是一个形容词 前面出现一个副词"很"，那么一起做 Likewise, this “Duo” is an adjective with an adverb of “Hen” in front of it. They are used as
这个"学生"的定语，也就是说，没有"很" 那么这两个句子就是错误的。 the attribute of student, that is to say, these two sentences will be wrong if there is no the word of “Hen”.
也就是说，这两个句子不能说成，"他爸爸有多钱" In other words, these two sentences shall not be expressed like “his father has Duo money”
"多学生都来过中国"，这样的说法呢是错误的
“Duo students have come to China”. They are wrong.
（2）"多"可以带"的" 做"数词+量词+（名词）"的定语，我们来看一下例子 (2) “Duo” can be used together with “De”, as the attribute of “numeral + quantifier+ (noun)”. Let us have a look at some examples
例 ①，多的一箱苹果我要 Example ①, I want the extra(Duo De) box of apples
"多"加上"的"，加上数、 量、 名，所以是可以的 “Duo” plus “De”, added with numeral, quantifier and noun, is okay.
例 ②，多的，后面有"的"，一包，"一包"是数量 Example ②, “Duo ” followed by “De”, a packet of, “a packet of (Yi Bao)” is used to describe quantity
多的一包给你吧，所以呢，"多的"做"一包"的定语 Here you are, the extra packet of it, so “extra (Duo De)” is used as the attribute of “a packet of (Yi Bao)”
这个是没有问题 （3）"少"前加上副词"很"也不能做名词的定语 It is no doubt (3) adding the adverb of “Hen (very)” in front of “Shao (few)” shall not be the attribute of nouns,
只能做"几+量词+（名词）"的定语，我们来看一下例子，例 ① 教室里只有很少几个人。 but the attribute of “Ji(some)+ quantifier+(noun)”. Let us see some examples, example ① There are only a few people in the classroom.
那么这个"很少"是做 "几个人"的定语，那么前面 "几"，加上量词，加上名词。 Therefore, this “Hen Shao (a few)” is the attribute of “Ji Ge Ren (People)”. Add the front of “Ji” with quantifier and noun
第 ② 例，他只有很少 几个中国朋友。 Example ②, He has only a handful of ( Hen Shao Ji Ge) Chinese friends.
那么"很少"做"几个中国朋友"的定语 形容词做定语带"的"情况 “Hen Shao” is the attribute of “Ji Ge Chinese friends” adjectives together with “De” used as attributes
形容词做定语一般不带"的"，有时呢，不能带"的" 有时候呢，带不带都可以。 In general, adjectives are not together with “De” when they are used as attributes. It depends on circumstances.
（1）单音节形容词做定语不带"的" 我们来看一下例子。 (1) Monosyllabic Adjectives used as attributes without “De” Let us see some examples.
第 ① 例，她买了一辆旧自行车 Example ①, she bought an old bicycle.
"旧"是形容词，是一个汉字，是单音节，所以它的后面 不要用"的"。
“Jiu (Old)” is an adjective, Chinese word, and monosyllabic, there is no “De” after it.
第二例，大房间没有了，只剩下小房间了。 Example two, no big rooms, only small rooms are left.
"大"是一个形容词 “Da (Big)” is an adjective
"小"也是个形容词，它们都是做"房间"的定语，它们的后面呢都不用"的"
“Xiao (small)” is also an adjective. They are attributes of “room”, and there is no “De” after them.
都不要用"的"。 No “De” after them
但是为了突出或强调形容词 有时呢，也可以带"的"。 But in order to highlight or underline adjectives, “De” is okay after those adjectives sometimes.
我们来看一下例子，例 ① 谁都想住大的房子 Let us see some examples, example ①,
这个"大的房子"，"大"做"房子"的定语。Everyone wants to live in a (Da De) big house
我们看 "大"的后面加上了"的"了。 You can see that the “Da (big)” is added with “De”.
第 ② 例，坏的苹果不能吃。 Example ②, bad apples are inedible.
"坏"是一个汉字的 形容词，它的后面也加了"的"来做"苹果"的定语 “Huai (bad)” is an adjective of Chinese words;“De” is added after it to be the attribute of “apple”.
所以呢，有的时候也可以有"的"，一般是不要用"的"的 Hence, adding with “De” after adjectives is okay sometimes. It is unusual.
（2）双音节形容词做单音节名词的定语要带"的"。 (2) Double syllable adjectives attributives of monosyllabicnouns shall be added with“De”
我们来看一下例子，就比较清楚 我有重要的事想跟你商量一下。 Let us have a look at some examples to be clear. I have something important to discuss with you.
"重要"是一个形容词 但是，后面的名词是一个"事"，是一个单音节的 “Important” is an adjective, the noun after it is “something”, monosyllabic
那么这个时候，"重要"的后面就要加上一个"的"了 加上的。 And then, “De” shall be added after “Zhong Yao (important)”.
第二例，他是一个诚实的人。 Example two, he is an honest person.
"诚实"是两个汉字，双音节的形容词 “Cheng Shi (honest)” are two Chinese words, double syllable adjective
"人"是一个汉字的名词，所以呢，"诚实"的后面也要用上"的"
“Ren (person)” is a Chinese noun, so “De” shall be added after “Cheng Shi”
双音节形容词做双音节 名词的定语啊，可带"的"，也可以不带。 “De” is freely used when double syllable adjectives are attributes of double syllable nouns.
我们来看一下，例 ① 我们学校漂亮女孩很多。 Let us see examples. Examples ①, our school has many beautiful girls.
"漂亮"是形容词 "女孩"是名词，那么它的 “Piao Liang (Beautiful)” is an adjective, and “girls” are nouns, so
"漂亮"的后边不要用"的"，没有问题 我们也可以说，"我们学校漂亮的女孩很多" “De” shall not be added after “Piao Liang (Beautiful)”, in other words, “there are many beautiful girls in our school”.
"漂亮"是形容词，"女孩"是名词，是两个汉字的，所以呢也可以用一个"的" 例 “Piao Liang (Beautiful)” is an adjective;“girl” is noun and consists of two Chinese words. So adding with “De” after “Piao Liang” here is okay. Example
② 呢，你换一件干净衣服。
②, please change clean clothes.
"干净"是两个汉字的形容词 “Gan Jing (clean)” is an attribute of two Chinese words.
"衣服"呢，也是两个汉字的名词，所以呢，不要用"的"也可以
“Yi Fu (clothes)” is a noun of Chinese words, so no “De” after it is okay.
我们也可以说，"你换一件干净的衣服" 用上一个"的"也是没有问题，也是没有问题 We can say that, “please change clean (Gan Jing De) clothes”, a “De” here is okay.
（3）形容词重叠式做定语一定要带"的"。 (3) Adjective repetition patterns used as attributes shall be added with “De”
我们来看一下例子，就比较清楚 例 ①，你女儿大大的眼睛 Let us see some examples to make it clear. Example ①, your daughter has big eyes,
圆圆的脸，挺可爱的！那么我们看，"大大"是一个重叠式，所以后边呢，一定用上"的" round face, so lovely! Here, “Da Da (big)” is a repetition pattern, so there shall be a “De” after it.
"圆"也是个形容词重叠式，"圆圆的"是一个形容词重叠式，所以后面也要一定用上"的" “Yuan Yuan (round)” is also a repetition pattern of adjectives, so there shall be a “De” after it.
也就是说，不可以说，"你女儿大大眼睛，圆圆脸，挺可爱！"，这样的句子是错误的 That is to say, it will be wrong if you say “your daughter has Da Da eyes, Yuan Yuan face, so lovely!”
第二例，他是一个马马虎虎的人
Example two, he is careless person.
"马马虎虎"是一个形容词重叠式，所以呢，它做定语的时候呢，也要用"的" 2. “Ma Ma Hu Hu (careless) is a repetition pattern of adjectives, so “De” shall be added when Ma Ma Hu Hu is used as an attribute.
做状语。 Used as adverbial modifiers
然后我们来看一下例子 例一，你快说！"快" And then let us see some examples, example one, tell me quickly! “Kuai (Quickly)”
来说明"说"的，所以呢是一个状语。 is used to describe“(shuo) tell”, so it is an adverbial modifier.
第二例，同学们都努力 学习汉语。 Example two, students work hard at learning Chinese.
所以呢，"努力"是说明"学习汉语"的方式 所以呢，也是做状语。 Therefore, “Nu Li (work hard)”, a way of “learning Chinese”, is used as an adverbial modifier.
形容词做状语带"地"情况 （1）单音节形容词做状语不带"地" Adjectives used as adverbial modifiers whether with “De (-ly)” or not (1) monosyllabic adjectives used as adverbial modifiers without “De (-ly)”
我们来看一下例子。 Let us turn to some examples.
学习汉语一定要多说 多看、 Learning Chinese must speak more, see more,
多记！而这个"多"呀，是一个形容词，所以呢它们做状语的时候，后面 都不用"地"，都不要用"地"
and remember more! This “Duo (more)” is an adjective. Therefore, when it is used as an adverbial modifier, “De (-ly)” shall not be added after it.
来看一下第 ② 例，您慢走！这个"慢"也是一个形容词 Let us see the example ②, mind your steps (Nin Man Zou)! This “Man” is also an adjective
它做状语，做"走"的状语，所以它的后面呢也不用"地" 不可以说"慢地走"。 It is used as the adverbial modifier of “Zou”, so “De (-ly)” shall not be added here.
（2） 双音节形容词做状语一般要带"地"。 (2) Double syllable adjectives used as adverbial modifiers shall be added with “De (-ly)”
我们来看一下例子 例①，孩子们高兴地唱了起来。 Let us see some examples. Example①, children were singing delightedly.
高兴是双音节形容词 后面带地做唱了起来的状语，所以有一个地 Delighted is a double syllable adjective. It is added with “De (-ly)” to be the adverbial modifier of “sing”. Hence, there is a “De (-ly)”.
我们再看一例 他愉快地接受了我们的邀请。 Let us see another example. He accepted our invitation pleasantly.
愉快是一个形容词 它做状语带地来说明修饰接受了我们的邀请 “Pleasant” is an adjective. It is used as an adverbial modifier to describe “accept our invitation”.
所以呢，后面有一个地 （3）形容词重叠式带不带"地"都可以。 So there is a “De (-ly)” behind (3) “De (-ly)” is freely used in the repetition pattern of adjectives.
我们来看一下例子啊。 Let us have a look at some examples.
例① 慢慢地吃，别着急！慢慢是形容词的重叠式 Example ① eat slowly (Man Man Chi), take it easy! “Man Man” is a repetition pattern of adjectives.
所以呢可以说慢慢吃，也可以说慢慢地吃，都可以 例②我们平平安安地到了北京 Hence, “eat, slow (Man Man Chi)” is okay;“eat slowly (Man Man De Chi)” is also okay. Example ② we arrived in Beijing safely
我们也可以说，我们平平安安到了北京，也就是这个平平安安是重叠式 可以有这个地，也可以呢没有
In other words, we arrived in Beijing, safe. “Ping Ping An An (safe) is a repetition pattern of adjectives. It is okay whether to add “De (-ly)” or not.
不过呢，带"地" 后带有突出或强调的色彩。 While, it highlights or underlines when it is added with “De (-ly)”.
我们来看一看、 比较一下 例①还有很多时间，我们慢慢吃吧。 Let us have a look and make a contrast. Example ① We still have plenty of time to eat, slow.
慢慢吃，所以呢没有地 例②还有很多时间，我们慢慢地 吃吧，加个地。 Eat, slow without De (-ly) example② We still have plenty of time. Eat slowly. There is a De (-ly).
所以呢，我们说这两个句子的区别在什么地方呢？ 例②的有突出强调这个 So what are the differences of these two sentences? Example ② highlight
慢的意思，也就是带"地"以后啊，有突出和强调的意思了 3. the meaning of “slow”, that is to say, there is highlight and underline after adding “De (-ly]”.
做补语。 Used as complement
我们来看一下例子 例①孩子们都长大。 Let us see some examples. Example① children are growing up (Zhang Da).
这个大是形容词，所以呢做长这个动词的补语 例②这些衣服都洗干净。 This “Da” is an adjective and is used as the complement of “Zhang” Example ② These clothes are washed to be clean.
干净是个形容词，来做这个洗的补语 4. “Gan Jing (clean)” is an adjective to be the complement of “Xi (wash)”.
做主语 我们看下例子。 Used as subject let us have a look at some examples.
例① 瘦比胖好。 Example①thinness is better than fatness.
这个瘦是一个形容词 它是做主语，是一个 topic，所以呢 好来说明瘦的。 Thin is an adjective and is used as a subject, a topic to describe thinness.
第②例美丽属于年轻人。 Example ② beauty belongs to the youth.
美丽也是一个形容词 是一个 topic，所以呢它是做主语，也是做主语的 5. Beautiful is also an adjective, a topic. It is used as a subject 5.
做宾语 我们来看一下例子。 Used as object let us see some examples.
例① 女孩都爱干净。 Example ① girls like cleanness.
干净是什么？是一个形容词 它做动词爱的宾语。 What is Gan Jing (clean)? It is an adjective, used as the object of “Ai (like)”.
例② 老人喜欢安静。 Example ②the aged like tranquilness.
安静也是一个形容词 它做什么呢，这个动词喜欢的宾语。 Tranquil is also an adjective. What is it used for? The object of “like”, the verb
所以呢，形容词也可以做宾语 6. Hence, adjectives can also be used as objects 6.
做谓语。 Used as predicates
我们来看例子，第①例爸爸高 妈妈矮。 Let us have a look at some examples. example① the father is tall while the mother is short.
这个高，是说明这个主语爸爸的 妈妈矮，这个矮是说明这个主语妈妈的。 This “tall” is used to state the subject of father. This “short” is used to state the subject of mother.
所以呢，高和矮呢 都是做谓语。 Therefore, “tall” and “short” are used as predicates.
例②姐姐不太漂亮 妹妹漂亮。 example②the sister is not pretty, the young sister is pretty.
那么这个漂亮是说明姐姐和妹妹的，所以呢 也是做谓语的。 Here the “pretty” is used to describe the sister and young sister. So it is used as a predicate.
这个漂亮是说明妹妹，是做谓语 这个姐姐不太漂亮，这个不太漂亮是说明姐姐的 “Pretty”, for the young sister, is used as a predicate. “Not pretty” is for the sister.
注意（1）形容词做谓语，前面呢不能出现"是" Pay attention (1) adjectives shall not be added “Shi (is/are)” when it is used as predicates.
例如，我们来看一下这上面的例子啊，例①今天是热 For instance, let me show you an example. Example① it is hot today.
热是一个形容词，它的前面出现一个"是"，所以这个句子呢是 错误的句子。 Hot is an adjective. Here when “Shi (is)” is added in front of it, it will be wrong.
那么正确的说法是，应该说今天热 例②他女朋友是漂亮。 Then the correct sentence shall be, today, hot example② his girlfriend is beautiful.
这个句子漂亮是形容词 “Beautiful” is an adjective in this sentence.
前面出现了"是"，所以这个句子也是错误的，应该说什么呢？他女朋友漂亮
This sentence will be wrong when it is added “Shi” in front of it. What should you say? His girlfriend, beautiful
就是把这个是去掉。 Get rid of “Shi”
（2）非谓形容词不能做谓语 我们来看一下例子。 (2) Non-predicate adjectives shall not be used as predicates. Let me show you some examples.
例①她女，我男 女和男都是形容词 Example① she a female. I a male. Female and male are adjectives.
但是这个句子是错误的，那么应该说什么呢？正确的说法应该是，她是女的 我是男的。 But this sentence is wrong. What should you say? The correct expression shall be, she is a female, I am a male.
第②例这台电视机彩色。 Example② this television colored.
彩色也是一个形容词 但是不能做谓语，那么正确的说法应该是，这台电视机是 Colored is an adjective. However, it shall not be used as a predicate. So the correct expression is that this television is
彩色的，应该是用是后面加彩色 再加的，这样的说法就是正确的了 colored, the sentence will be right when “color” and “De(-ed)” are added after “Shi (is)”.
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