本课程根据外国学生学习汉语的特点，比较系统地介绍了汉语的主要语法，像词类、句子成分、单句、复句、篇章、表达方法，等等；着重指出了外国学习者学习汉语语法的难点和重点，并通过大量有针对性的练习，帮助学习者去掌握、运用，从而提高学习者的汉语水平。 According to the characteristics of the foreign student learning Chinese, this course systematically introduces the main grammar of Chinese, such as part of speech, sentence constituent, single sentence, complex sentence, discourse, expression method. This course emphatically points out the important and difficult points in the foreign student’s Chinese grammar learning, and through a large number of targeted trainings, the course helps learners to master and use, thus to improve Chinese level of the learner.
课时 5：语气助词“了”“吗”“呢”
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En provenance du cours de Peking University
现代汉语核心语法
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À partir de la leçon
第四讲助词、叹词和象声词
第四讲主要包括以下语法点：（1）结构助词；（2）动态助词；（3）语气助词；（4）叹词的类别；（5）叹词的作用；（6）象声词的类别；（7）象声词的作用。
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Defeng YangProfessor
School of Chinese as a Second Language
三. III.
语气助词，用在句末表示语气的词叫做语气助词 那么语气助词主要有"了、 Modal particle, the word used at the end of a sentence is called modal particle. Model particles include “le,
吗、 呢、 吧、 啊"等 例如，第一个：这件衣服多漂亮啊！ ma, ne, ba, a” and so forth. For example, “zhe jian yi fu duo piao liang a!” (how beautiful the cloth is!)
第二例，吃什么呀，快走吧，这个"呀"、 "吧"都是 Example two: “chi shen me ya, kuai zou ba.” The “ya” and “ba” here are modal particles.
（一）了，语气助词"了"用在句末 提醒出现新情况，注意，它表示 The modal particle of “le” that is used in the end of a sentence reminds a new situation. Note, it represents that
出现了新的情况，这是它的意思。 Some new situations occur. This is the meaning of it.
我们看两例例子。 Let me show you some examples.
第一例，上课了 上课就是什么意义呢，不是上课完成了实现了，而是提醒他人上课这个是一个 Example one, “shang ke le” (class is beginning). What does it mean? It means that a new situation of
上课是一种新的情况出现。 class beginning occurs.
第二个，花开了 这个花开了，开不是完成，也不是实现的意思。 Example two, “hua kai le” (flowers start to come out). The “hua kai le” does not represent the accomplishment or achievement
它是告诉人们，花现在开了 这是一种新情况，别人没有注意到，所以呢 有提醒的意思。 but the new situation of that flowers start to come out. It is used to remind someone else who does not note the truth of flowers.
1. 1.
句末必需带"了"的情况 "了"表示出现新的情况，还有成句的作用 The condition that “le” is added in the end of a sentence the “le” represents a new situation and makes a sentence complete.
也就是说这些有些句子句末必须要用"了"，没有这个"了"这个句子就站不住，或者这个句- 子就是错的
That is to say, the “le” shall be added in the end of these sentences. If not, these sentences will be incomplete or wrong.
第一种情况就是太…了，这个"太" 和"了"一起使用。 The first condition is “tai…le” (it is so…). The “tai” is used together with the “le”.
程度副词"太"修饰形容词短语或动词短语，句末经常出现"了" A “le” is usually used in the end of a sentence when the adverb of degree of “tai” modifies adjective phrase or verb phrase.
比如说我们看一下两个例子 这件衣服太漂亮了，太漂亮了。 For example, “zhe jian yi fu tai piao liang le, tai piao liang le.” (This dress is so beautiful, so beautiful).
第二个，你也太不认真了，那么经常是一起 一起使用。 Example two, “ni ye tai bu ren zhen le” (you are so carefulless). A “tai” is used together with a “le” in general.
程度补语第二种情况，程度补语后 The second condition of complements of degree, a “le” is added after
要带"了"，程度补语后面也常常要带"了"，比如说第一个例子，孩子把我气死了 有"了"。
a complement of degree. For example, there is a “le” in the sentence of “hai zi ba wo qi si le” (the child is making my blood boil).
那边的风景好看极了，"极"是程度补语，所以也有"了" 第三种情况，形容词"大、 “na bian de feng jing hao kan ji le” (The scenery over there is amazing). The “ji” is a complement of degree, so the “le” is added here as well. The third condition, when adjectives of “da,
小、 高、 低、 深、 浅 宽、 窄、 肥、 瘦、 xiao, gao, di, shen, qian, kuan, zhai, fei, shou,
长、 短"等做结果补语的时候，后面呢常常要带"了" chang, duan” and so on are used as complements of result, a “le” is usually used.
表示呢不符合某种标准，比如说我们来看两个例子，第一个，衣服做大了 "大了"就超过了这个
It is used to show that something is not in standard. Let me show you some examples. Example one, “yi fu zuo da le” (the dress is too big)
标准，不合适，所以这个"大了"。 It is too big to fit.
坑挖深了 就是挖得太深了，不符合要求不符合标准，是这样的意思 2. “keng wa shen le” means that the hole is too deep. It does not meet the requirements or standards. 2.
句末"了"所在句子的否定 句末有"了"的句子的否定和句中 the negation of a sentence with a “le” in the end. The negation of it is the same as a sentence
"了"的一样，都是在动词前加上"没"或"没有"，删去"了"，注意一定要 不要忘了把"了"扔掉。
with “le” in the middle of it. Add “mei” or “mei you” and delete “le”. Attention, please delete “le”.
我们来看两个例子，我复习了 Let us see some examples. “wo fu xi le” (I go to review)
这个"了"，那么它的否定是什么呢，我加"没有"，把"了"扔掉 What is the negation of it? Add “mei you” and delete “le”
第二个，昨天下雨了，它的否定是昨天没有下雨 Example two, “zuo tian xia yu le” (it rained yesterday). The negation of it is “zuo tian mei you xia yu” (it did not rain yesterday).
加"没有"，把"了"扔掉，是这样 3. Add “mei you” and delete “le”. That is it. 3.
两个"了"的同时使用 表示"实现"的"了"和出现新情况的"了"可以出现在一个句子中 the usage of two “le”. The “le” that represents achievement and the “le” represents a new situation can be used in one sentence
组成"主语+动词+了+数量+（名词）+了"这样的句子 to form a sentence of “subject + le +amount + (noun) +le”
例如，我们来看两个例子，这本书我看了 三天了，两个"了"。 Let me show you some examples. “zhe ben shu wo kan le san tian le”. (I have read this book for three days.) There are two “le” in this sentence.
弟弟学了两年汉语了 两个"了"同时使用，一个是在动词后，一个是在句子后，动词和句子后 “di di xue le liang nian han yu le” (my brother has learnt Chinese for two years). This is the usage of two “le” in one sentence. One is in the end of this sentence; another is in the end of a verb.
那么"主语+动词+了 +数量+（名词）+了"中的"数量" The “amount” of “subject + verb +le + (noun) +le”
一般是表示已经完成的数量或行为动作持续的时间 generally indicates the number of completed or behavioral actions for the duration of time
那么如果没有后续句，所谓后续句就后面出现
So if there is no follow-up sentence, the new clause will appear after
新的小句，那么含有行为动作还要继续下去的意思 the so-called follow-up sentence, which means that the action will continue.
我们来看一下例子，第一例，他学了三年汉语了
Let us see some examples. Example one, “ta xue le san nian han yu le” (he has learnt Chinese for three years).
学了三年汉语了是什么意思呢，就是到说话的时候 已经学了三年，这个三年已经完成 What does the “xue le san nian han yu le” mean? It means that the learning of three years has been finished.
而且呢还要学下去，继续下去 就是要继续下去的意思 And the learning of Chinese will be continued in the future.
再看一个例子，他们喝了两个小时酒了 One more example, “ta men he le liang ge xiao shi jiu le” (they have drunk for two hours)
那么这个数量是什么呢，两个小时是表示喝了这个事情 已经发生了两个小时，而且呢 What is the amount of it? “liang ge xiao shi” (Two hours) represents that the drinking has been done for two hours, and it
还要继续喝下去，继续喝下去 （二）吗 will be continued in the future. (II) ma
"吗"用在是非问句它的末尾表示疑问 例如：你吃了吗？他是留学生吗？ The “ma” is used in the end of a sentence to represent a question. For example: “ni chi le ma? Ta shi liu xue sheng ma? (Did you eat? Is he a foreign student?)
应该注意的是，"吗"只能用于是非问句 不能用在正反问句、 It shall be noted that “ma” cannot be used in positive and negative questions, especially question and choice questions but yes-no questions.
特指问句和选择问句中 比如说下面的两个例子，第一个，你吃什么吗？ For example, “ni chi shen me ma?”
这个句子是错的，为什么呢，这是一个特指疑问句，有"什么" 这样的词，所以不能用"吗"。
This sentence is wrong. Why? It is an especially question. The “ma” shall not be used in an especially question that is added with “shen me”.
那么应该说什么呢，你吃什么呢？用"呢"就没有问题了 第二例，明天下不下雪吗？ What is the right expression? “ni chi shen me ne? (What do you want to eat?) The “ne” here is okay. Example two, “ming tian xia bu xia xue ma?”
这个句子呢也不行也不成立，为什么呢，这是一个正反问句，下或不下 This sentence is also wrong. Why? Because it is a positive and negative question,
所以呢不能用"吗"，应该用什么呢，用"呢"，明天下不下雪呢？ 这样的句子就可以了，就成立。
a “ma” shall not be used here but a “ne”. The sentence of “ming tian xie bu xia xue ne?” is okay.
"吗"还经常用在反问句中 那么它的肯定形式表示否定的意思，否定形式表示肯定的意思 A “ma” is usually used in rhetorical questions. The affirmative form represents negation. The negative form represents affirmation.
我们来看两个例子，第一例，你会吗？ "会"是一种肯定，它的意思是什么呢，"你不会"是一种否定
Let us see some examples. Example one, “ni hui ma?”
“hui” is an affirmation. What does it mean? “ni bu hui”, a negation.
第二例，这东西能吃吗，也是一种肯定，但是意思是什么呢，这东西 Example two, “zhe dong xi neng chi ma”. What does it mean? It
不能吃，是一种否定的意思 （三）呢 is inedible. It is negation. (III) ne
语气助词"呢"用法很复杂，而且呢 不同的用法表示的意义常常也不同。 The usage of “ne” is complex. Different usages represent different meanings.
1. 1.
表示缓和语气 （1）"呢"用在特指问句、 moderate tone (1) when a “ne” is used in especially questions,
选择问句、 正反问句和反问句中 有缓和语气的作用，比如说第一例，咱们吃什么呢？ Choice questions, positive and negative questions and rhetorical questions, it plays the role of easing the tone. For example, “wo men chi shen me ne?” (what do we eat?)
这个"呢"就有一种比较缓和语气的作用 第二例，你找谁呢？这个"呢"也是一样 The “ne” here plays a role of easing the tone. Example two, “ni zhao shui ne?” (Who are you looking for?) the “ne” also plays a role of easing the tone.
注意"呢"不能用在是非问句中 下面的说法就有问题，比如说第一例，明天天气好呢？ Pay attention, a “ne” shall not be used in non-questions. The following expressions are wrong. Example one, “ming tian tian qi hao ne?”
这个"呢"就是错了，这句话不能说，应该说什么呢？ 明天天气好吗？用"吗"，为什么呢，这是一个是非 问句。
The “ne” here is wrong. What is the right one?
“ming tian tian qi hao ma?” (Will the weather is fine tomorrow?) A “ma” shall be used here instead of “ne”, becaused it is a non-question.
同样的第二例，汉语难呢？也错，那么应该说什么呢？ Likewise, “han yu nan ne?” it is also wrong. And then what is the right expression?
汉语难吗？也是一个是非问句，所以呢是非问句都要用"吗" 不能用"呢"。 “han yu nan ma?” it is also a non-question. A “ma” shall be used in a non-question instead of a “ne”.
（2）"呢"用在句中停顿的地方 用于列举或对举，也有缓和语气的作用。 (2) “ne” is used in in the pause of a sentence to list or to cite and ease the tone.
比如说第一例，我呢 停一停，后面一个逗号表示停顿，你就不用管了 For example, “wo ne,” a pause, “ni jiu bu yong guan le” (as for me, never mind)
第二例，咱们几个人分一下工，小张呢，后面有个"呢"停一下 擦黑板，我呢，又停一停，扫地，小刘呢
Example two, “zan men ji ge ren fen yi xia gong, xiao zhang ne…” there is a “ne” to pause,
“ca hei ban, wo ne…” one more pause, “sao di, xiao liu ne,
摆桌子，那么都是用在所谓的停顿，有这个逗号 表示停顿的地方，那么它同样有一种什么呢 bai zhuo zi”. One comma represents a pause. What is the function of it?
缓和语气的作用，比较委婉的说法 2. Ease the tone. It is a euphemism. 2.
表示行为动作进行 口语中的"呢"可以表示行为动作进行 The conduct of an action a “ne” in spoken Chinese can be used to represent the conduct of an action
我们来看举个例子，A：你干什么呢？ Let us see some examples. A: “ni gan shen me ne?”
这个"呢"什么意思呢，意思是说你在干什么，你正在干什么？
What does the “ne” mean? What are you doing?
B回答洗衣服呢，这个"呢"是什么意思呢，就是 B answer “xi yi fu ne” (Wash clothes) What does the “ne” mean?
在洗衣服，所以这两个"呢"都有表示动作进行的意思 3. Washing clothes. These two “ne” have the meaning of doing. 3.
名词或者短语加呢 可以构成问句，意思是什么呢，"在哪儿"或"怎么样"等 Add a noun or a phrase with a “ne” to form a question. What is the meaning of it? “zai na er” (where)or “zen me yang” (how about), etc.
比如我们看下例子：我的帽子呢？我的帽子是一个名词短语 后面加上"呢"加一个问号就是一个问句
Let us see the following example: “wo de mao zi ne?” (where is my hat?) “wo de mao zi” (my hat) is a noun phrase. When it is added with a “ne” and a question mark, it will be a question.
它的意思相当于"我的帽子在哪儿？"，是这个意思 It means “wo de mao zi zai na er?” (Where is my hat?)
第二个，刘老师呢？刘老师是一个名词，加上"呢"以后相当于"刘老师在哪儿？" 它是这样的意思。
Example two, “liu lao shi ne?” (Where is Mr. Liu?) “Liu lao shi” (Mr.Liu) is a noun. When it is added with a “ne”, it will become a question. “Liu lao shi zai na er?” (Where is Mr. Liu?). That is it.
4. 4.
表示提醒对方注意 "呢"用于陈述句中，含有"提醒对方注意"的意思 Remind each other's attention a “ne” has the meaning of remind when it is used in a declarative sentence.
比如说第一例，北京大着呢！ For example, “Beijing Da zhe ne!” (Beijing is so big)
大着呢，从南到北开车需要两个小时，大着呢加上"呢"是什么呢，有一种提醒 对方注意。 It will take two hours when you drive from the south to the north of it. A “ne” here is used to remind.
第二例，电影八点才开始呢！ 这个"呢"同样是有提醒，就是说有这样的意思，你忘了吗？我告诉你
Example two, “dian ying ba dian cai kai shi ne!” (The film will start on eight.)
The “ne” is also used to remind. Did you forget? Let me tell you
这样的意思，所以呢不用着急，所以这个"呢"就是一种提醒 “suo yi ne bu yong zhao ji”(Don’t be hurry). The “ne” here is also used to remind.
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