本课程根据外国学生学习汉语的特点，比较系统地介绍了汉语的主要语法，像词类、句子成分、单句、复句、篇章、表达方法，等等；着重指出了外国学习者学习汉语语法的难点和重点，并通过大量有针对性的练习，帮助学习者去掌握、运用，从而提高学习者的汉语水平。 According to the characteristics of the foreign student learning Chinese, this course systematically introduces the main grammar of Chinese, such as part of speech, sentence constituent, single sentence, complex sentence, discourse, expression method. This course emphatically points out the important and difficult points in the foreign student’s Chinese grammar learning, and through a large number of targeted trainings, the course helps learners to master and use, thus to improve Chinese level of the learner.
课时3：篇章连接手段（下）
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En provenance du cours de Peking University
现代汉语核心语法
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Rencontrer les enseignants
Defeng YangProfessor
School of Chinese as a Second Language
六. Sixth,
省略。 ellipsis.
省略是为了避免重复，突出主要信息 此外，还起着篇章连接作用。 Ellipsis is to avoid repetition and highlight major information. Besides, it linked the whole passages.
省略分为三种：承前省略、 蒙后省略和语境省略 （一）承前省略。 Ellipsis falls into three categories: pre-ellipsis, post-ellipsis and contextual ellipsis. (First), Pre-ellipsis.
承前省略是指 有些成分前文已经出现了，所以后面往往可以省略 Pre-ellipsis means that some components have already appeared before, so they can often be omitted later.
承前省略可以是主语，也可以是宾语和定语、 中心语等 The omitted part can be subjects, and can slap be objects, attributes or center words.
我们来看一下例子，婆婆 Let’s take a look at the example, the mother-in-law,
媳妇说完都咯咯地笑了，只有汪兆丰一声没吭 尴尬地坐在那里。 when the daughter-in-law finished speaking, they all giggled, but Wang Zhaofeng sat there awkwardly without a word.
我们看一下，这一段话里面有 汪兆丰，这是一个主语，他的下面一个句子的这个汪兆丰这个 Let’s take a look, there is a Wang Zhaofeng here in the sentence, it’s a subject, after this sentence we have
刚刚坐在那里的还是汪兆丰，所以呢这个汪兆丰就可以省略了，我们叫主语省略 also Wang Zhaofeng sat there, so the later Wang Zhaofeng can be omitted, that’s called subject ellipsis.
第二例：你家有一辆车，我家也有 那么实际上也有省略了什么？一辆车，这是什么呢？一辆车是宾语
Second example, You have a car, we also have one.
So What actually be omitted? A car. What component is this? It’s an object.
第三例：我有两本词典，你用我的 吧，别回去取了 Third example, I have two dictionaries, you can use mine, don’t need to come back to take it.
你用我的吧，实际上就是说你用我的词典，而这个词典是什么呢？这个词典就是定语的中心语- You can use mine, actually means you can use my dictionary, and what component is this dictionary? It’s the central word in this sentence.
，就是核心 承前省略 That is, the components of the pre-ellipsis can be
的成分可以是名词或者是短语，动词或者短语，也可以是小句 我们来看一下例子。 nouns or noun phrases, verbs or verb phrases, or small clauses. Let's take a look at the examples.
小李竭力控制着有点失常的心跳 迎上前去，微笑着说 Xiao Li tried to control his heartbeat, and went forward to say smily.
这一句这个省略的是什么呢？我们可以看得出来，都是 What component has been omitted in this sentence? We can see that both of
后面两个小句子省略的都是小李，因此我们可以说是，都是 名词。 the Xiao Li has been omitted, therefore we can say they are nouns.
第二例：你们能坐飞机去上海开会，为什么我不能？ 这个我不能后面实际上省略了坐飞机去上海
Second example, you can fly to Shanghai for a meeting. Why can't I?
Here the “Why can’t I” actually omit “fly to Shanghai
开会，而坐飞机去上海开会是什么呢？是动词短语 （二）蒙后省略 for a meeting, while what component of flying to Shanghai for a meeting? It’s a verb phrase. (Second), post-ellipsis.
蒙后省略是指呢有些成分下文马上就要出现 因此呢前文中的也常常省略。 Post ellipsis means that some of the ingredients will appear immediately below. Therefore, the words in the foregoing is often omitted.
我们来看一下例子 第一例：仔细看一下，你就会发现其中的破绽 Let’s take a look at the examples. First one, look carefully and you'll find the flaws in it.
仔细看一下实际上是要你仔细看一下 因为呢后面一个句子中有你，所以呢前面这个你就可以省略了
Look carefully actually means to let you to look carefully,
because there is a “You” in the later sentence, so you can omit the former “You”.
第二例：低头不见抬头见，大家最好 还是不要撕破脸皮，那么这个低头不见 Second, just often meet each other, we’d better not put aside all considerations of face. So the “meet each other”,
低头不见抬头见它的主语呢也是大家 那么由于第二个句子中有这个大家，所以呢第一个句子的大家呢就省略掉了
its subject is we,
and because we also appear in the later clause, so the “we” in the first clause can be omitted.
蒙后省略的一般是主语，不能是宾语，也不能是定语 中心语，我们来看一下例子就比较清楚。 generally speaking, post-ellipsis can only omit subject but not object or attribute or center words. Let look at an example to explain clear.
例一，我昨天帮了 她，她竟然没有对我说声"谢谢" Example No.1, I helped her yesterday, but she didn't say "thank you" to me.
这个第一个句子里的她，有她，第二个句子 也有她，但是呢第一个句子的宾语她不能省略 Here we have a “Ta” in the first clause, and we also have “Ta” in the second clause, but “Ta” is an object in the first clause can not be omitted.
也就是说我昨天帮了，她竟然没有对我说声"谢谢"。 If we say I helped yesterday, but she didn't say "thank you" to me.
这句话是不对的，不能说的 那第二例：这是她的书包，那是我的书包。 The sentence above is wrong. Second example, this is her bag, and that is mine.
第一个句子有书包，第二个句子中也有书包 但是呢第一个句子中的书包不能省略 Both clauses have bag, but it can not be omitted in the first clause,
也就是说这是她的，那是我的书包，这样的说法也是不成立的，也是错误的 which means this is her, that’s my bag is wrong.
（三）语境省略 (Third), Contextual ellipsis.
语境省略是指由于语境很清楚，所以呢某些成分呢也常常省略 我们来看一下例子。 Contextual ellipsis means that because of the clear context, some components are often omitted. Let's take a look at the examples.
第一例：A 说 好吃吗？B 说好吃。 First one: A says was it good? B answered yes.
那么实际上呢这个 情况是什么样的情况呢？孩子在吃苹果的情况下 Then what’s the situation of this conversation? That’s under the condition that the kid is eating apples,
因此呢这个苹果呢就没有必要说出来，大家都知道，A 和 B 都知道是苹果，所以这个苹果呢就可以省略掉
therefore the apple doesn’t need to be expressed, everybody knows that,
both of A and B know it’s about the apple, so we can just omit the apple.
第二例： A 说把这些衣服洗了，B 说好 那么 Second one: A says please wash the cloths. B answered ok. So
A 说的把这些衣服洗了，实际上是谁呢？实际上是说你 但是呢由于 A 和 A said washing the cloth refers to whom? Actually it refers to you, but because A and
B 都清楚说的是谁，所以这个你也就 可以省略掉，也就是说这个语境已经很清楚地 B both know it refers to whom, this “You” can be omitted, which means this context clearly
显示这个说话的人是谁，省略的是什么人 shows whom that A refers, and whom already has been omitted.
语境省略既可以是主语，也可以是宾语，还可以是定语、 中心语、 状语等 我们来看一下例子。
Ellipsis can be either a subject or an object, an attributive or a central language.
Let’s take a look at the examples.
第一例：我不喜欢吃苹果，喜欢吃香蕉 那么这个实际上这就是我了，第一个有我，所以第二个我就不用说了。
First, I don’t like apples, I prefer bananas.
So here the subject in the second clause is also “Wo”, and because there is “Wo” in the first clause, we can omit the second one.
第二例：这是你的书包，那是我的 这个是什么呢？第二个句子的这个书包可以省略掉 Second one: This is your bag and that’s mine. What component is this bag? And the bag in second clause con be omitted,
这是定语中心语省略掉了。 that’s the ellipsis of center words.
七. Seventh.
替代 替代就是用其他形式 像代词等去代替上文出现的词语或句子 复句等。 Substitution. Substitution means replacing words, sentences and compound sentences appearing in other forms, such as pronouns.
替代主要是为了避免重复，同时呢也起着篇章连接的作用 Substitution is mainly aimed at avoiding duplication, and it also plays a role of textual connection.
替代可以根据被替代的成分的不同 分为三种，名词性替代、 Substitution can be divided into three categories according to the different replaced components, nominal substitution,
动词性替代 还有一种是指什么呢？句子或者复句替代 我们先看第一种情况 verbal substitution and what else? Substitutions for sentences or compound sentences. Let’s check the first situation.
名词性替代，那么名词性替代就是被替代的为名词 nominal substitution, which means the replaced part is a noun,
或者是短语，我们来看一下例子：隔壁办公室新分来一个大学生 这使小李非常高兴。 or a noun phrase. Look at the example: Xiao Li is very happy that he has a new college who’s newly graduated from the university.
他也是大学毕业后分配到这个单位的，至今还没有女朋友 He has also been assigned to this unit after graduating from university, and so far he has no girlfriend.
我们看一下，这个他替代的是什么呢？小李，实际上是说小李也是 所以在这里用了个代词替代前面的小李这个名词
Let think about it, what this “Ta” refers? Xiao Li, actually it means Xiao Li is the same.
So here we use a pronoun “Ta” to replace Xiao Li this noun.
（二）动词性替代 动词性替代是指被替代的是动词或者短语 (Second), verbal substitution. Verbal substitution refers to the substitution of verbs or verb phrases.
动词性替代一般用于对话中，我们来看一下例子。 Verbal substitution is usually used in dialogues. Let's take a look at the examples.
例一：A 我觉得明天去最好。 Example No.1, A: I think it's best to go tomorrow.
B 说：我也这么想 那么这么想实际上替代的是什么呢？ B: I think so. So what does it actually replace?
觉得明天去最好，所以呢它替代的是一个动词性的短语 第二例，A It feels best to go tomorrow, so it takes the place of a verb phrase. Example No.2,
说：你不会认为我自私吧？ 那 B 说：我才不会那么想。 A: You don’t think I’m selfish, do you? B: I won’t think so.
那么想实际上是什么呢？认为 我自私，你自私，所以它也是一种动词性替代 So what does it actually mean? To believe I’m selfish, or you’re selfish. So it's also a verbal substitution.
（三）句子或复句替代 句子或复句替代是指呢被替代的是句子或者是复句 (Third) Substitutes for sentences or compound sentences. It means that it is replaced by a sentence or a compound sentence.
用来替代的词语常见的有"这、 那、 这么做、 那么做、 The words used to replace are “Zhe(this), Na(that), Zheme zuo(in this way), Name zuo(in that way),
这样、 那样 以上情况、 前文、 前面、 后面"等 Zhe yang(such), Na yang(like that), Yishang qingkuang(the above), Qianmian(the front), Hounian(the back)”.
例如，我们来看一下例子：谈恋爱这样的大事不告诉爸爸妈妈 这不太好吧。 For example, it's not very good not to tell mom and dad about such(Zhe yang) a big event.
我们看一下这个，第二个句子的这替代的是什么呢？ In this example, what has been replaced by “Zhe” in the second sentence?
替代的是句子，也就是说谈恋爱这样的大事不告诉爸爸妈妈，所以替代的是一个句子，所- 以我们就
It replaces the sentence, that is to say, such a big event of having love relation should tell mom and dad.
它的替代的对象呢是一个句子 今天的课就上到这里，谢谢大家！ So we say “Zhe” replaced a sentence. OK, that’s all for the class! Thanks everyone!
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