Now let's talk about the evolution of global health with respect to global health policy and governance. The term global health is not so old. So some similar terms include public health and hygiene. Which is a classic entity of social medicine. And tropical medicine, which relates to the diseases control in tropics. And international health, which was very popular in the 1980s. It is literally international between countries' cooperation. Basically, it's a technical transfer from rich countries to the poor. And global health includes many of the element about the terminologies. For example, Jeffrey Koplan and the others defined global health in the Lancet literature, and contrast the public health, international health, and global health. In terms of geographic reach, global health deals with issues that directly or indirectly affect health, but that can transcend national boundaries. And in terms of level of corporation, global health focusing on development and implementation of solutions that often requires global cooperation. In terms of individual or population target, global health embraces both prevention in populations and even clinical care of individuals. In terms of access to health, in global health, health equity among nations and for all people is a major objective. Health equity is a very big thing and in terms of range of disciplines in global health, it is highly interdisciplinary and multidisciplinary within and beyond health sciences. So it's quite a big area in terms of global health. So to summarize, global health as recently defined by Jeff Koplan and others. Global health cannot simply viewed as resource transfer from rich to poor countries. Instead, global health defined as issues that directly or indirectly affect health but can transcend national boundaries. Now, needs real mutual partnership, a pooling of experience and knowledge, and a two-way flow between developed and developing countries. These needs are especially relevant if we are to successfully progress toward, for example, universal health coverage, which will need the adoption of what Julio Frenk calls, a process of shared learning among countries. There are several reasons for global health to emerge in the past decade. The first thing is obviously the adoption of the Millennium Development Goals. MDGs. Among the eight goals listed here, three of them are directly related to health. Behind this MDG, there is a strong notion that health is a strong driver of development. This is because first, there is accumulating evidence that poverty is a cause of poor health. But also poor health is a cause of poverty. And Jeffery Sachs in his WHO Commission on Macroeconomics and Health, he proposed that improvement in health can accelerate economic development. And like education, health is a key requirement for socio-economic development. After these findings, there seems to be a massive increase in resource flows since the MDGs Declaration. So that's the one reason why health is becoming a big agenda in development. The second is a new player. Notably, Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation. Since year 2000, the private philanthropists moving ahead to investing global health extensively. The third, likewise investment from, for example, the National Institutes of Health in the United States. NIH is a very big research funding agency. And NIH has been promoting the global partnership and collaborative research in developing countries. Finally, the national security issue, Center for Disease Control and Prevention is working extensively, for example, to tackle the outbreaks and other health security issues. Therefore, global health is becoming a very, very important part of national security policy. For example, Mrs. Clinton, when she was a state secretary, argued that when she was asked, what exactly does maternal health, or immunizations, or the fight against HIV/ AIDS have to do with the foreign policy? And she said, her answer was, everything. Global health is becoming a very, very important part of foreign policy. So in her speech at SAIS, she listed several reasons for the US to invest in global health initiative. The first it is strengthen fragile or failing states. Second is to promote social and economic progress and to support the rise of capable partners. And third to protect US national security. And finally, as a tool of public diplomacy and obviously the direct expression of US compassion. But a point here is that it is not only for development but also economic incentive and national security matters. So to summarize, the evolution of global health is not only building up on the classic public health in terms of social justice or equity, but it is a mixture of different national interest. And global health includes 3Ds in health care. Health care consist of basically of 3Ds. One discovery, second development, and finally delivery. Traditionally, international health was dealing with delivery of existing intervention but now global health includes research and development of new vaccination drugs, as well. And global health has been working, not only in development, but also industrial growth, in terms of healthcare, but again developing countries, and also national security. To protect our nations from health threats. So all of this are confounded very very in a complex manner. And that is the current status of global health.
