[MUSIC]. At the moment, the European Union is trying to modernize intellectual property rules in order to adapt intellectual property to the digital environment. Digital technologies have enabled each of us to create, disseminate, share, and receive information at an incredibly fast pace, and in efficient and territorially unlimited ways. Internet mobile communications, user-generated platforms like Youtube, search engines, and social networks have changed the way we interact with each other and have access to texts, images, sound recordings, movies, TV programs, software, smartphone applications, video games, and so forth. What field, in your view, is most problematic in intellectual property, due to the way internet and modern communication properties work? Patents, Trademarks, or Copyright? The correct answer is Copyright. Why? The main reason is that, on one hand, the economic protection of literary and artistic property created by copyright entails a restriction on copying, and disseminating original or created pieces of information and intellectual work to the public. We should take into consideration that unlike patents and trademarks, the law makes copyright subsist at the time of creation of an original piece of work independently of examination or registration procedures. In other words, if you create an original piece of music, a novel, or a code for a computer program, copyright is granted to you by default which means immediately. These means that copyright potentially could apply everywhere on the internet. On the other hand, internet and digital communications work as a gigantic copying machine. Digital communication technologies have to copy all data including copyright materials, in order to enable data transmission from one point to another often adjoining network like the internet. The reason why copyright is the most problematic form of intellectual property for new technologies is that copyright creates for reasons of economic, commercial policies, a restriction on digital copying, which is a technical necessity of modern communication technologies. From a policy making perspective copyright raises a number of open questions. What would happen if the European Union created or maintain rules granting copyright on information or data without creating exceptions or limitations to copyright? What would be the most undesirable consequence in the digital environment. First, a strict, rigorous application of copyright of a digital networks would have the potential to block communications and hinder a significant portion of Internet traffic, all the traffic which concerns Materials and information protected by copyright. Second, point to point communication, among internet users, could be inspected by public authorities upon request of copyright owners, in order to check whether or not users download and share copyright materials without authorization. Third, developers and owners of websites and online content platforms, like user-generated content platforms, will inevitably be afraid of liability for copyright violations and would significantly reduce their investments in the information and communication technology sector. Last but not least, new creators would no longer be in a position to take legitimate advantage of existing works. Copyright works as well, through quotations, links, parodies, commentaries and so forth. And their freedom of expression online would be inevitably discouraged. At the moment, the European Union is looking for a more balanced. And more modern, I would say more modern sense of copyright and for a much smoother and less dangerous form of digital enforcement. Also a possible redaction of the term of copyright and a form of the no registration principle. Are being taken into consideration for the future. In order to reduce the impact of copyright, and copyright enforcement on internet freedoms. Today's challenge for EU policy makers and for the creation of a Digital Single Market consists basically of how. Copyright protection, which means protection and encouragement of creativity, intellectual innovation and entertainment. Should be made compatible with very important values such as network neutrality, preservation of Internet user privacy, freedom to do business online, and freedom of expression and communication on the Internet. Answers to all these questions will be in the next MOOC, and you can discuss them in the forum of course. Thank you very much.