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Le jeu triangulaire

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Espace mondial, une vision française des global studies

4.6 (98 notes) | 9.7K étudiants inscrits

Afin d’expliquer comment la mondialisation reconstruit les politiques publiques et les comportements sociaux nous étudions les échanges et interactions entre les acteurs politiques, économiques et sociaux -publics et privés, individuels et collectifs- et la façon dont ils redessinent les relations internationales. Ce cours prend sa source dans les approches sociologique et historique françaises des relations internationales. This course is also available in english version: www.coursera.org/learn/global-studies

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4.6 (98 notes)

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YL

Nov 27, 2015

The prof is very approachable and the course is very interesting

OO

Apr 04, 2019

Je recommande fortement cet enseignement de grande qualité.

À partir de la leçon

Les acteurs mondiaux

Les États-nation ne sont plus les seuls acteurs internationaux. De nombreux groupes et 7 milliards d’individus sont aujourd’hui des acteurs potentiels du système international.

La capacité croissante des acteurs non étatiques13:41

Des ONG multifonctionnelles13:52

Le jeu triangulaire14:05

Enseigné par

Bertrand Badie
Professor
Marie-Françoise Durand
Professor

Transcription

Now the problem is to consider

how these non-state actors are playing

on the international arena.

How do they interplay?

And the new international game

is quite different

from the traditional international game.

In the traditional international game,

states were the only authorized players,

the only legitimate players,

and in the traditional international system,

the principle of the action

was shaped by sovereignty and power.

That’s to say nation-states were playing

as sovereign actors in a clear vision

of optimizing their own power

and achieving the national interest.

With the new international arena

the situation is quite different,

because when we have

different kinds of actors

we have different kinds of strategy,

and of course the sovereignty principle

is no more the shaping principle

of the international arena.

The international arena is from now

committed to different kinds

of strategy which are interplaying.

For the observers

but especially for the actors

the previsibility of this situation is very difficult,

that’s why we have to take into account

two new orientations.

The main principle of non-state actors

is autonomy as I mentioned in my previous lecture,

that’s to say the non-state actor has in mind

to protect its own autonomy.

And the second principle

he has in mind

is to control

a new kind of cooperation

with the other actors.

Autonomy is a crucial point

of the new international relations.

If you take into account

some non-state actors

like local actors, towns,

counties, regions, inside the state,

those local actors

are promoting their own autonomy

on the international arena,

and so their emancipation from the control

of the sovereign nation-state.

This has been pointed by Brian Hocking

when he was looking at the strategy displayed

by local actors in Australia.

But we can find many other examples

and I mentioned in my last lecture

the case of NGOs, for whom the main purpose

was to protect their own autonomy

when playing on the international arena.

Cooperation is something very important

and this cooperation has to be considered

at a horizontal point of view,

that’s to say between transnational actors.

But also on a vertical point of view

among nation-states,

that’s to say negotiation,

cooperation between a state and its society,

as Robert Putnam pointed out

about the famous two-level game

in international relations,

a level among nation-states,

and a level between nation-state,

each nation-state and their own society.

That’s why now we are facing a new world

in which domestic and international are mixed,

we are in an "intermesticworld".

But we have to go further;

we have to try to understand how

these different kinds of actors are interplaying.

In the traditional world order,

there was a unique kind of actor,

which was the nation-state.

Nation-state had the monopoly

of international relations,

and international relations

were relatively simple to understand

as they were made of a competition

between similar actors,

and especially during the 19th

or the 20th century,

when these nation-states

were very close to each other

belonging to the same culture and

to the same level of economic development.

Now nation-states are diversified

but nation-states have to compete

with two other kinds of actors:

identity entrepreneurs

and transnational entrepreneurs.

So three kinds of different actors

are competing and interplaying

in our present international arena:

nation-states,

transnational entrepreneurs

and identity entrepreneurs.

We know what nation-state

does mean and how to define it,

we know that nation-states

are based on the citizen commitment,

and are promoting a political representation.

Now if we move to

the second angle of our triangle:

transnational entrepreneurs,

we consider transnational entrepreneurs

as inclusive entrepreneurs

mobilizing individuals coming

from everywhere around the world

in a kind of global market.

These transnational entrepreneurs

that we took into account in the previous lecture,

these transnational entrepreneurs

are including multinational corporations,

but also NGOs,

but also transnational media for example.

And now if we move to

the third angle of our triangle:

identity entrepreneurs.

Identity entrepreneurs have to be discriminated

from transnational entrepreneurs

as they are exclusive.

That’s to say they are appealing

to a special part of the world,

that’s to say those

who are sharing the same identity.

This identity is close to the other,

and the appeal of the identity entrepreneur

is based on community,

that’s to say religious community,

linguistic community, ethnic community

and so we can differentiate, discriminate

between those identity entrepreneurs

who are based on primary allegiance

and transnational entrepreneurs

who are based on utilitarian allegiance.

These three angles are really the expression

of these three kinds of competing actors

on the international arena.

They have not the same identity,

they don’t have the same identity,

they don’t have the same allegiance,

they don’t use the same kinds

of mobilization instruments,

they don’t have the same strategies,

they don’t have the same values,

they don’t have the same goals.

Now the main point

of the present international enigma

is how to combine

these different kinds of identity,

these different kinds of values,

these different kinds of goals,

these different kinds of instruments,

these different kinds of process.

The anarchy of the present international arena

is mainly resulting from this combination

of different kinds of logic

which didn’t exist in the traditional world order,

and precisely if we take this triangle into account

we can obviously observe that

there is a permanent tension inside this triangle.

The three angles are in tension with each other,

that’s to say nation-states

are in tension with transnational actors

because transnational actors

are challenging the borderlines,

transnational actors

are challenging the state sovereignty.

This is the common tension between

an actor coming from a market

and an actor coming from political community,

but there is the same tension

between nation-states

and identity entrepreneurs

because identity entrepreneurs

challenge the citizen commitment.

They consider that

the first allegiance, of an individual

is not to the nation-state

but to its own community:

religious community,

ethnic community,

linguistic community.

And the identity entrepreneur

considers as a traitor

those one who are committed

to their nation-state

before being committed to their community,

to their <i>Gemeinschaft</i>

as the German sociologist Tönnies said.

Now there is also a tension

between identity entrepreneurs

and transnational entrepreneurs,

because there is a tension,

a common tension, a trivial tension,

between market and community,

between <i>Gesellschaft</i> and <i>Gemeinschaft</i>

so this tension is expressing the main dynamic

of our present international arena.

But in the meantime,

if they are in a permanent tension

these angles, these kinds of actors

are condemned to coexist

and even to cooperate for a very simple reason:

none of them is able now to rule

without taking into account the two others.

That’s to say

the present international dynamics

is depending on the ability

of these actors to cooperate,

to make transactions,

and the real present dynamics

in international relations is

how to combine identity dynamics,

with state-nation dynamics,

how to combine state-nation principles

with transnational entrepreneurs principles.

This is in the mix

of these three kinds of actors,

three kinds of strategies and principles

that we can find

the new international order.

If these actors are able to coexist

and more to cooperate,

we are proceeding in a peaceful way.

If they are not able to find

a common denominator

and a common interest

we are in a conflictual situation.

But you see that this new kind of conflict

is no more the result

of a competition among states

but of a tension between states,

transnational actors

and identity entrepreneurs.

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