[SOUND] Now let's have a look at the fourth cultural dimension, long or short term orientation. In cultures or communities within cultures that focus primarily on short-term goals, people tend to focus more on living from the past and now. So, in other words, people tried to learn from the past and they've, as they are based on the past, they may judge what is good and bad based on what was passed down from history. So, some sort of universal guidelines that were passed down from before. And, they tend to follow more on the traditions. In contrast, in long-term oriented cultures or communities people focus on the future. So they live for now, they make judgments on that based on thinking about what may happen, what the consequences are in the future. They will also judge what is good and what is bad based on the circumstances in the now, or what may happen, the consequences in the future. So they don't just look at a set of guidelines that were passed down from before. So therefore, their look is more likely that traditions are likely to change. People will not always live based on the traditions, they will live for what they think the consequences are in the future. So what do you think would be the implications of having long term and short term orientated cultures on a country's growth? Not surprisingly, very often what you may see is that with a short-term oriented cultures they are less willing to open up to other countries. Whether it be for trade or for exchange of cultural ideas. Because they are slower, they're not willing to open up. Then you may find that those countries will experience no or very slow economic growth. In contrast, the long-term oriented cultures are more likely to open up to other countries, and so they're more willing to trade and exchange cultural ideas with other people within other countries and cultures. You may find that those cultures have faster economic growth. Again, let me ask you what this may mean in a workplace? What you would expect the work behavior to be like in a short-term oriented workplace versus a long-term oriented workplace? You may be able to guess by now that in a short-term oriented workplace, people are required to complete tasks based on past and now. So in other words, they may look at what happened in the past and focus on completing the task now. Versus long-term oriented workplace, where individuals would be required to complete tasks now for the future. So, they would look ahead far more than short-term oriented workplace.