Digital Signal Processing is the branch of engineering that, in the space of just a few decades, has enabled unprecedented levels of interpersonal communication and of on-demand entertainment. By reworking the principles of electronics, telecommunication and computer science into a unifying paradigm, DSP is a the heart of the digital revolution that brought us CDs, DVDs, MP3 players, mobile phones and countless other devices. The goal, for students of this course, will be to learn the fundamentals of Digital Signal Processing from the ground up. Starting from the basic definition of a discrete-time signal, we will work our way through Fourier analysis, filter design, sampling, interpolation and quantization to build a DSP toolset complete enough to analyze a practical communication system in detail. Hands-on examples and demonstration will be routinely used to close the gap between theory and practice. To make the best of this class, it is recommended that you are proficient in basic calculus and linear algebra; several programming examples will be provided in the form of Python notebooks but you can use your favorite programming language to test the algorithms described in the course.
5.7* Bandpass sampling
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En provenance du cours de École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne
Digital Signal Processing
444 notes
À partir de la leçon
Module 5: Sampling and Quantization
Rencontrer les enseignants
Paolo PrandoniLecturer
School of Computer and Communication Science
Martin VetterliProfessor
School of Computer and Communication Sciences
The sampling theorem gives us a sufficient but not a necessary condition
on the sampling frequency that we need to use with continuous time signal.
If we pick a sample in period so
that omega N is larger than the maximum positive frequency in the input signal,
we are guaranteed an alias free discrete time sequence out of the sampling process.
However, there are classes of signals, typically bandpass signals,
where the sampling frequency indicated by the sampling theorem is
way too large with respect to the amount of information that is actually contained
in the continuous-time signal.
A bandpass signal is typically the product of a modulation.
So you start it with a baseband signal, like so, whose frequency
content is say between minus omega 0 and omega 0 centered around 0.
And then via modulation, you bring this up to a center frequency omega C,
which is usually in the higher regions of the spectrum,
because you want to transmit this information over say, a wireless channel.
So the actual information content
of the signal has an effective bandwidth of 2 times omega 0.
And usually, this omega 0 is way, way smaller than omega c.
However, a literal interpretation of the sampling theorem tells you that you have
to sample at least at twice the maximum frequency which in this case is omega
c + omega 0, so a very large sampling frequency.
I could try a naive approach and say, well, since the effective bandwidth is 2
times omega 0, I'm going to just sample at 2 times omega 0 and see what happens.
And in most cases what will happen is that you will get a lot of copies because,
of course, now the periodization frequency is very small, and you will get overlap
which will destroy the information contained by the bandpass signal.
But if you play around with the sampling frequency while remaining in the low
frequency range so much smaller than 2 times omega C plus omega 0.
You can probably find for some lucky numbers,
you will get a situation in which the alias copies instead of overlapping,
actually interleave neatly without stepping onto each other.
In this case, the information contained in the bandpass signal is preserved and
the sampling operation goes under the name of bandpass sampling.
Let's now look at the conditions under which you can perform bandpass sampling,
and what is the result of the sampling operation.
So in order to use bandpass sampling,
first of all you have to have an input signal that is bandpass.
We indicate this by saying that the spectrum of the signal has to be 0 almost
everywhere except for a region centered around a modulation frequency omega C,
and whose width is 2 times omega 0.
So this is the support of the signal on the positive frequency axis.
And, of course,
this can be symmetric with a similar region centered around minus omega C.
Intuitively, in order to preserve the information contained in the bandpass
signal, your sampling frequency cannot be less than 2 times omega 0.
If your signal was baseband, so between minus omega 0 and
omega 0, then the sampling frequency would have to be twice omega 0, or
equivalently omega N should be equal to omega 0, there's no escaping that.
Now, the second condition that allows you to perform bandpass sampling
is called the baseband condition.
This requires you to find a sampling frequency so that the modulation frequency
omega c can be expressed as an integer multiple of omega N.
If these two conditions are met, what you get is an alias-free,
baseband version of your bandpass signal.
So you're not really getting a sampled version of the bandpass signal.
You will now have the high-frequency localization of the spectrum, but
by sampling you will have preserved the information,
but automatically demodulated the signal back to baseband.
Graphically, it looks like so.
This is your bandpass signal.
If you sample, respecting the two conditions, so omega N greater than
omega 0, and, of course, omega N = to omega c divided by some integer k,
in this case k is one, two, three, four, five, six, right?
Well, if you do that, the alias copies will not overlap, and
you will get one copy here centered around 0 which
contains exactly the same information as the passband spectrum, but
that has been automatically demodulated to baseband by the sampling operation.
So two birds with one stone.
So let's look at a practical example, and for a change, let's use hertz.
So let's forget about the 2 pi normalization factor in frequencies,
the AM radio band is a portion of the frequency spectrum that is located for
AM radio transmission.
And it usually goes, depends on the country, but
usually between 500kHz and 1.6MHz.
The portion of the spectrum is divided into independent channels that are then
allocated to different radio stations.
And the usual channel width is 9kHz.
So the F0, half the bandwidth,
half the effective bandwidth of each channel is 4.5KHz.
Let's pick a channel with a center frequency of 1.5MHz,
so pretty much at the end of the AM band.
In theory, if we wanted to sample the information contain into that
radio channel using the sampling theorem, would have to use a sampling frequency
which is two times the highest frequency contained in the channel.
So two times 1,504,500Hz, for
a sampling period of about one microsecond, which is pretty fast.
The antialias condition for
the single channel, however, imposes a much lower sampling frequency.
If the effective channel width is 9KHz, then
the sampling frequency is equal to the effective channel width, so we just need
to use a sampling frequency that is higher than 9KHz to preserve the information.
The baseband condition, on the other hand, requires us to pick a sampling frequency
so that we can express the modulation frequency, so
the centerband frequency, as a multiple of half the sampling frequency.
In other words, kFs/2 must be equal to 1.5MHz.
We can pick any integer as long
as the resulting sampling frequency fulfills the anti-alias condition.
So let's pick k = 300, with that we have a sampling frequency of 10KHz for
a sampling period of about 0.1 microseconds.
So you have a savings of about two orders of magnitude in sampling speed.
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