Innovation and Its Role in Developing Better Drugs

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Drug Discovery

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University of California San Diego

Drug Discovery

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The University of California San Diego, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences Drug Discovery course brings you lectures from both faculty and industry experts. With this course, recorded on campus at UCSD, we seek to share our access to top people in the field who bring an unprecedented range of expertise on drug discovery. In this course you will learn the drug discovery process up to the filing of an Initial New Drug Application or IND. Each week you will learn the steps that a pharmaceutical or biotech company goes through to discover a new therapeutic drug. In this course you will be able to: * Understand the pharmaceutical and biotechnology market a changing landscape * Learn the major aspects of the drug discovery process, starting with target selection, to compound screening to designing lead candidates. * Recognize current modern drug discovery based on the lock-and-key theory, which attempts to use one single compound to hit one target to combat the related disease. * Increase understanding of the various drug discovery tools and methods that are used for finding, identifying and designing a new drug. * Define and understand the regulatory responsibilities for drug discovery to file an Investigational New Drug Application (IND). This course is intended as part 1 of a series: Drug Discovery, Drug Development (https://www.coursera.org/learn/drug-development) and Drug Commercialization (https://www.coursera.org/learn/drug-commercialization). We would highly recommend that you take the courses in order since it will give you a better understanding on how a drug is discovered in the lab before being tested in clinical trials and then launched in the market place.

À partir de la leçon

Pharmaceutical & Biotechnology Industry Landscape

In this module course lead Dr. Williams Ettouati begins by giving a landscape overview of the Pharma and Biotechnology landscape.

A New Approach to R&D10:24

Innovation and Its Role in Developing Better Drugs7:25

Rencontrer les enseignants

Williams S. Ettouati, Pharm.D.
Director, Industrial Relations & Development; Health Sciences Associate Clinical Professor, N.S.
Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences
Joseph D. Ma
Associate Professor of Clinical Pharmacy
Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences

Alright here's one that I find is very, very interesting.

this is breast cancer you know, one drug that has basically changed the markets

and the, and the way breast cancer has been treated, is Herceptin.

Genentech has been on the forefront of what I call, personalized medicine.

I teach another class in personalized medicine.

I've actually given lectures on personalized medicine, and, I always use

Herceptin as the first treatment, really, where there was basically a bio-marker.

And that's something that's very interesting.

If you are interested, you should read about the development of Herceptin and

how they went about it. But if you think about it, if you go back

to 1894, where Halstead realized that breast cancer spread from[UNKNOWN] and

radial mastectomy to the time that Herceptin was launched.

You know, I mean, look at the time frame, okay.

And now we are in 2012. There's number of DNA testing of

[UNKNOWN]10 different sub types. So again, learning with new technology is

what is going to be very important. And what's interesting is, as I told you,

because of technology we can now have enormous amount of data.

And Doctor Bonn who we'll present in the third lecture will tell you about this,

that will allow us to develop better drugs.

And maybe, hopefully shrink the time frame between the time that we discover a

disease to the time that we get treatment.

we spoke about this, the stakeholder. Who decides what, if the product is truly

innovative. At the end of the day, it's the payer,

okay? you can go, if you're a pharma or a

biotech company, until you are blue in the face and try to convince, you know,

this is the best business since sliced bread.

It's the best drug ever. if the payer is saying, you know, we

really don't think so. Sorry, but what you have done is not

enough to demonstrate that it's really going to change our patient's health.

They're not going to pay for it. But you have to think about all of this

as you are developing drugs. This is another way of representing what

I showed you earlier where the patient is at the center.

Self managed patients, you know, I think, that there is, if you look at the OTC

business, which is very big, patients have a tendency and especially with the

internet even more to self treat themselves and take care of their own

health. I'm curious.

How many of you know what your medical records are?

I don't. I mean I know what's my medical history

is but, I don't know all the information that the physicians have.

Wouldn't it be great if I could carry in my pocket a little card with a chip that

would give me everything since I was born.

All the disease I had, all the interaction to medication and everything

else. That I could always carry with me, or

maybe even potentially implanted. And when I go see the doc, he doesn't

have to go in the computer or ask his assistant, or to pull out a file, or make

20 calls to figure out what they have. To figure out, oh, I know exactly, so you

are so-and-so, you have such disease, you have such inter drug interaction.

All of this is doable, we have the technology.

But there's a lot of things that need to happen before it's going to happen.

Some countries where you have centralized healthcare are trying to do this, and

that potentially will transform research and development.

Because then you will be able to analyze all the data.

You'll be able to really understand how it's being delivered, how it's being

used. You'll be able to understand the

compliance. Oh, patient x was prescribed 10 days of

antibiotics therapy. He stopped after 3 days because his fever

went down, and yet, we all know that you get sure infection if you do that.

Well, if you have a monitoring system that would allow the pharmacist saying

patient x stopped his antibiotic therapy. You might want to give them a call, or

send them a tweet, okay? And tell them, by the way.

Did you forget your, pill this morning? One could argue, well, maybe it's Big

Brother. and, you know?

I can, maybe, agree with that. On the other hand, you know?

It could be very, very helpful. And prevent patients to visiting the

emergency room. Again, this is all based on the HOLNet

approach that I was telling you about. Care pathways, which is something else.

Which again, a number of countries are developing.

Same principal, you know, unwell you go to the doctor.

They do a test and diagnoses right there in the office, you know hopefully we have

in a few years we do a prick of blood, they know exactly what you have.

They know genetic code. They know your protiomics and they decide

which drug is best, which device they should put you on and so forth.

if you're healthy and that's where we can also save a huge amount of money, by

preventing and curing, you know. Type II diabetes in the US and a number

of markets, is going to be an epidemic. Over 60% of adults in the US are

overweight. And I think the number is 34% of people

are obese in this country. It's going exponentially, and it's the

same problem in Europe. It's the same problem in other countries

as well. Guess what?

Type II diabetes can be controlled, if you lose weight, if you exercise.

If you do all sorts of things, well, that's all prevention.

I'm not selling drugs when I do that, though.

You know, I know we all, all want to pop a pill and feel better afterwards, but if

there are measures that will pay for these preventative issues, people might

be more inclined to do that. So the patient also needs to take care of

themselves, and needs to really work towards becoming more healthy.

This is something I find very interesting, and this actually, by the

way, was approved in 2004. It, as you can imagine, generated a huge

amount of controversy. It's a computer chip that was approved

for medical purposes, which can transmit, via radio frequency patient medical

history to physician an hospital. Insert it under the skin very quickly,

and it stores data, from the patient which can only be seen by a reader, in a

hospital. And then the healthcare provider can

unlock that information and basically understand what problem you have had and

so forth. Well, you know I'm not saying that this

is going to be the future. But potentially you could think about

ways that could work, where you could have patient monitoring and where it

would allow, especially for chronic diseases to improve patient health.

Thank you for being so attentive.

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