5.2.2. Les modes judiciaires de règlement des différends

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En provenance du cours de University of Geneva

Droit International de l'Eau Douce

18 notes

University of Geneva

Droit International de l'Eau Douce

18 notes

Au cours des dernières décennies, le droit international a connu des développements majeurs afin de tenir compte des multiples facettes que revêt la gestion et la protection des eaux douces. L’adoption d’instruments universels, régionaux et de bassins souligne l’importance d’étudier l’évolution de la réglementation internationale relative à l’eau et d’identifier les grands principes en ce domaine. Aussi, ce cours vise à offrir les bases nécessaires pour appréhender et examiner la régulation qui s’applique eaux douces transfrontières notamment aux fleuves, aux lacs et aux aquifères. Il présente les principes et les normes juridiques qui régissent l’utilisation, le partage, la gestion et la protection de ces ressources. Le MOOC est composé de 5 modules pouvant être visualisés dans un ordre quelconque, car abordant chacun un thème différent. Cependant, l’ordre des modules suit une certaine logique pédagogique et facilite la compréhension du MOOC pour des personnes ne connaissant pas le sujet. Chaque module s’accompagne d’un questionnaire d’évaluation/quiz. Le MOOC suivra un parcours unique donnant droit à un certificat pour les apprenants ayant obtenu une moyenne supérieure à 80% aux quiz. A la fin du cours, l’apprenant sera à même entre autres : 1) de décrire les enjeux liés à la régulation des eaux douces transfrontières ; 2) d’expliquer l’évolution de la réglementation internationale relative aux eaux douces transfrontières ; 3) de rappeler et d’interpréter les principes et les règles qui régissent la régulation des ressources en eau ; 4) de comprendre le rôle des mécanismes de règlement des différends liés aux eaux douces transfrontières dans le développement du droit international de l’eau douce (ou de comprendre le rôle des cours et tribunaux internationaux dans la résolution des conflits sur l’eau douce) Ce MOOC a été développé par la Plateforme pour le droit international de l’eau douce qui fait partie du Pôle Eau de Genève. Il a été accompagné par la Cellule MOOC de l’Université de Genève. A côté des chercheurs et des enseignants de la Plateforme, plusieurs experts internationaux ont également participé. Ce MOOC fait partie des trois cours soutenu par le Pôle Eau Genève et l’Université de Genève en compagnie des MOOCs en « Gestion et politique de l’eau » (www.coursera.org/learn/gestioneau) et en « Services écosystémiques : une méthode pour le développement durable » (www.coursera.org/learn/ecosystem-services). Ce cours est financé par le Programme Global Eau de la Direction du développement et de la coopération suisse (DDC).

À partir de la leçon

Module 5: Prévention et gestion des différends liés aux eaux douces transfrontières

Ce module présente les mécanismes diplomatiques et judiciaires de règlement des différends liés à l’eau. Le rôle essentiel des organismes et commissions de bassin dans la prévention et la résolution de conflits sur l’eau est également traité. Enfin, le contenu des décisions des tribunaux et cours internationaux en matière des ressources en eau partagées est exposé afin d’évaluer leur contribution au développement du droit international de l’eau douce. Un quiz clôturera ce module et équivaudra à 20% de la note finale. Pour le réussir, vous devez avoir au moins 80% de réponses correctes.

5.2.1. Variété des modes diplomatiques de règlement des différends8:58

5.2.2. Les modes judiciaires de règlement des différends7:40

Rencontrer les enseignants

Laurence Boisson de Chazournes
Professor
Department of Public International Law and International Organization, Faculty of Law
Makane Moïse Mbengue
Professor
Faculty of Law and Institute of Environmental Sciences
Mara Tignino
Reader
Department of Public International Law and International Organization, Faculty of Law
Komlan Sangbana
Associate Researcher
Faculty of Law and Institute of Environmental Sciences

[MUSIC] [MUSIC] Alongside the

diplomatic methods used to settle disputes,

there are also judicial methods.

When we talk about the judicial methods of dispute resolution,

one may think of the involvement of a third party,

a third party, a judicial third party, a court, a tribunal,

who take binding decisions for the parties.

This is the important feature of the judicial method of

dispute resolution. The decision issued, decided, rendered by the third party,

will be binding on the parties to a dispute.

Among the judicial methods of settling a dispute,

some are considered permanent,

decisions are mandatory,

and then there are the so-called ad hoc proceedings,

that is to say, procedures such as arbitration,

rules that are put in place to resolve a particular dispute.

Before presenting these two judicial procedures,

I would like to emphasize that States have always relied on

judicial methods

to resolve their water-related disputes.

At the end of the 19th century, it was generally accepted by States that a

judicial third party could assist them to resolve differences.

With that noted, let us look at arbitration.

What is arbitration? As I said, it is an ad hoc procedure,

which relies heavily on the principle of autonomy.

So, what does that mean?

It means that the parties to a dispute will be able to choose

the arbitrators in an arbitral tribunal,

will be able to choose the procedure applied by the court.

They will also be able to choose the law to be applied by the court.

So there is a great emphasis on choice

with this dispute resolution method.

This procedure of arbitration has already been discussed

and what is interesting is the number of

tribunals that have been established to deal with matters relating to watercourses.

So looking at my notes, I am thinking about a particular case,

the case of the San Juan River, where a decision was

taken at the end of the 19th century, or the Faber case,

relating to navigation, also at the end of the 19th century.

And then throughout the 20th century. We have already talked a great deal about this important

case. The arbitral sentence in the 1957 Lake Lanoux case

which settled the conflict of use between France

and Spain.

If you look, for example, at the role of the Permanent Court

of Arbitration. There was a dispute between Holland and

France over pollution,

compensation for pollution in the Rhine,

and here again, the issue was settled by arbitration.

I would like to talk about the importance of

the arbitration procedure between a non-State group in Sudan

and the Sudanese government, before South Sudan became independent, and

an arbitration relating to the Abyei case (an area of Sudan).

And in this context there are some very interesting remarks found

in the award which dealt with

issues of access to water by nomadic populations.

So you can see, the arbitration procedure is used by States

when they want to settle their conflicts.

So next we have the judicial procedure,

which is exercised by a permanent court.

We have already talked about the Permanent Court of International Justice,

established in 1920, or the International Court of Justice, a principal organ of

the United Nations established through the United Nations Charter.

And these two jurisdictions have dealt with

a large number of cases related to water management.

And here again, this shows how important

the judicial procedure before the permanent courts is

and how important it is in resolving conflicts between States.

Then there are examples. We discussed the Oder case in the field of navigation.

In the Oder case, the Permanent Court spoke of the concept of

the community of interest. There is the Gabčíkovo-Nagymaros Dam case which we

also discussed, the case of the Pulp Mills, and then currently,

there is a case brought to the court by Chile against

Bolivia over a certain water system.

So these are the big cases

but there are others that have been settled by these permanent courts.

These permanent courts, the Permanent Court and then the International Court of Justice,

have general jurisdiction.

This means that any kind of dispute can be brought before these courts.

However, I emphasize the general nature of this competence as opposed to the

specialised competence of certain jurisdictions.

And here, I would like to give you an example

of the jurisdictions for the protection of human rights.

So in this context, think of the European Court of Human Rights,

think of the Inter-American Court of Human Rights,

or the African Court on Human and Peoples' Rights.

The European Court and the Inter-American Court of Human Rights

have made very important decisions on

issues linked to the right to water, access to water, including non-discrimination issues,

the need to take special measures to ensure that

indigenous peoples have access to water, and issues

between water and the protection of the environment.

And these jurisdictions foster an understanding of the

law, clarify the scope of certain rules,

such as the International Court of Justice who

plays a very important role in terms of clarification and I was going to say,

predicability of international water law.

So, I draw your attention to these jurisdictional mechanisms,

point out that they are used a great deal.

So, of course,

there is a whole section which deals with international economic law,

investment arbitration, and trade agreements.

Under the investment protection agreements,

we see that there are more and more arbitral sentences

linked to water protection or which link the protection of

investments with water management and protection issues.

Regarding trade in the World Trade Organization,

questions will arise and these

may be brought before these bodies.

Therefore we see multiplicity, diversity of jurisdictions, ad hoc mechanisms,

permanent mechanisms, all of which are used and have the trust of States to

resolve a dispute over the protection and management of water.

{0}Thank you."{/0} {1} {/1}

[MUSIC] [MUSIC]

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