2.2.3. L’apport de la Convention d’Helsinki de 1992 sur la protection et l'utilisation des cours d'eau transfrontières et des lacs internationaux 1992 sur la régulation des ressources en eau transfrontières

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En provenance du cours de University of Geneva

Droit International de l'Eau Douce

19 notes

University of Geneva

Droit International de l'Eau Douce

19 notes

Au cours des dernières décennies, le droit international a connu des développements majeurs afin de tenir compte des multiples facettes que revêt la gestion et la protection des eaux douces. L’adoption d’instruments universels, régionaux et de bassins souligne l’importance d’étudier l’évolution de la réglementation internationale relative à l’eau et d’identifier les grands principes en ce domaine. Aussi, ce cours vise à offrir les bases nécessaires pour appréhender et examiner la régulation qui s’applique eaux douces transfrontières notamment aux fleuves, aux lacs et aux aquifères. Il présente les principes et les normes juridiques qui régissent l’utilisation, le partage, la gestion et la protection de ces ressources. Le MOOC est composé de 5 modules pouvant être visualisés dans un ordre quelconque, car abordant chacun un thème différent. Cependant, l’ordre des modules suit une certaine logique pédagogique et facilite la compréhension du MOOC pour des personnes ne connaissant pas le sujet. Chaque module s’accompagne d’un questionnaire d’évaluation/quiz. Le MOOC suivra un parcours unique donnant droit à un certificat pour les apprenants ayant obtenu une moyenne supérieure à 80% aux quiz. A la fin du cours, l’apprenant sera à même entre autres : 1) de décrire les enjeux liés à la régulation des eaux douces transfrontières ; 2) d’expliquer l’évolution de la réglementation internationale relative aux eaux douces transfrontières ; 3) de rappeler et d’interpréter les principes et les règles qui régissent la régulation des ressources en eau ; 4) de comprendre le rôle des mécanismes de règlement des différends liés aux eaux douces transfrontières dans le développement du droit international de l’eau douce (ou de comprendre le rôle des cours et tribunaux internationaux dans la résolution des conflits sur l’eau douce) Ce MOOC a été développé par la Plateforme pour le droit international de l’eau douce qui fait partie du Pôle Eau de Genève. Il a été accompagné par la Cellule MOOC de l’Université de Genève. A côté des chercheurs et des enseignants de la Plateforme, plusieurs experts internationaux ont également participé. Ce MOOC fait partie des trois cours soutenu par le Pôle Eau Genève et l’Université de Genève en compagnie des MOOCs en « Gestion et politique de l’eau » (www.coursera.org/learn/gestioneau) et en « Services écosystémiques : une méthode pour le développement durable » (www.coursera.org/learn/ecosystem-services). Ce cours est financé par le Programme Global Eau de la Direction du développement et de la coopération suisse (DDC).

À partir de la leçon

Module 2: Évolution de la réglementation internationale de l’eau douce

Ce module retrace les grandes étapes qui ont jalonné l’évolution de la règlementation internationale de l’eau douce. La portée et l’apport de la Convention des Nations Unies sur le droit relatif aux utilisations des cours d’eau internationaux à des fins autres que la navigation (Convention de 1997) et de la Convention sur la protection et l’utilisation des cours d’eau transfrontières et des lacs internationaux de la Commission économique pour l’Europe des Nations Unies (CEE-ONU) de 1992 (Convention de 1992) y sont examinés. La contribution des organisations internationales, des sociétés savantes internationales ainsi que de la société civile dans l’élaboration et la promotion de ces instruments est mise en relief. La spécificité de la règlementation relative aux eaux souterraines est également abordée avec une description des principales caractéristiques du Projet d’articles de la Commission du droit international (CDI) sur le droit des aquifères transfrontières de 2008. L’exemple de bonne pratique de la Convention relative à la protection, à l’utilisation, à la réalimentation et au suivi de la nappe franco-suisse du Genevois de 2008 est enfin présenté. Un quiz clôturera ce module et équivaudra à 20% de la note finale. Pour le réussir, vous devez avoir au moins 80% de réponses correctes.

2.2.1. Origine de la codification du droit applicable aux cours d’eau internationaux9:08

2.2.2. La portée de l’entrée en vigueur de la Convention des Nations Unies sur le droit relatif aux utilisations autres que la navigation de 1997 sur la gestion des ressources en eau transfrontières8:29

2.2.3. L’apport de la Convention d’Helsinki de 1992 sur la protection et l'utilisation des cours d'eau transfrontières et des lacs internationaux 1992 sur la régulation des ressources en eau transfrontières11:29

2.2.4. Le rôle de la société civile dans le processus de ratification de la Convention des Nations Unies de 199717:00

Rencontrer les enseignants

Laurence Boisson de Chazournes
Professor
Department of Public International Law and International Organization, Faculty of Law
Makane Moïse Mbengue
Professor
Faculty of Law and Institute of Environmental Sciences
Mara Tignino
Reader
Department of Public International Law and International Organization, Faculty of Law
Komlan Sangbana
Associate Researcher
Faculty of Law and Institute of Environmental Sciences

[MUSIC]

[MUSIC] Hello. We are welcomed here at the Palais des Nations

by Ms Francesca Bernardini,

Secretary for the Convention on the Protection and Use of Transboundary

Watercourses and International Lakes.

Hello Francesca.

>> Hello >> So, here is my first question.

>> The 1992 Convention, also known as the Helsinki Convention as

it was adopted in 1992 in Helsinki.

It came into force in 1996.

This year marks its 20th anniversary.

There are now 41 Parties to the Convention: 40 countries,

plus the European Union.

It is important to emphasize that these Parties are sometimes upstream,

sometimes downstream,

and this is important in the context of cross border cooperation.

The Convention was originally negotiated as a regional cooperation framework for

European countries

but was amended in 2003 to

allow membership to any UN member country.

The Convention aims

to protect and ensure the quality and quantity of transboundary water resources

as well as their sustainable management.

The Convention is based on three fundamental principles which are also the principles

of customary international law. These include the obligation to prevent,

and reduce transboundary impact, to ensure

an equitable and reasonable use of water resources,

and to ensure cooperation through common agreements and joint bodies.

It is through this third obligation,

that the other obligations come to fruition.

In any case, ensuring sustainable water management

is the main objective of cross border cooperation.

What is important to emphasize is that it is not just a legal text,

but it it also a living tool, a framework tool that

has an institutional framework where all Parties meet with several subsidiary bodies

and many activities developed in

the institutional framework of the Convention. This makes it a living tool.

The obligations are divided into two parts.

The first part is made up of general obligations

applicable to all Parties which establish a number of

measures that must be put in place so that the Parties can ensure,

prevent, control and reduce transboundary impact and

ensure a reasonable and equitable use of the water resources,

including obligations for establish systems for monitoring,

research and development, and the exchange of information.

I believe that this second part is the most important

and also the most specific part of the Convention and the

New York Convention that details obligations specific to riparian Parties.

This means all States Parties to the Convention sharing

surface or groundwater.

These Parties, according to the Convention, are obliged to enter into agreements and

establish joint bodies for the management of their transboundary waters.

The Convention also sets out minimum obligations for Parties and

these joint bodies, including consultation,

monitoring and evaluation, information exchange,

alert and alarm systems, action programs,

with a common objective and mutual assistance.

So, in a few words.

The main achievement linked to the obligation

to develop agreements happened in the 1990s.

The region was marked by new borders as a result of the

end of the Soviet Union and the former Yugoslavia,

and the Convention created a series of transboundary agreements between

these new countries whose water was perviously considered national.

The Convention inspired a series of agreements.

First, the Danube Convention, which was negotiated at the same time

as the 1992 Convention and which reflects it very closely.

But also the agreements on the Dniester between Ukraine and Moldova,

the agreement on the Save, the agreements on the Chu-Talas between Kazakhstan and

Kyrgyzstan, and also a series of bilateral agreements between

Pan-European countries, now the countries of the European Union,

Hungary, Slovakia, Hungary-Slovenia,

but also many countries of the European Union

and non-EU countries such as Estonia-Russia,

Russia-Ukraine, but also outside this region. For example,

the Russia-Mongolia agreement was inspired by the Convention.

This was the Convention framework's

first great accomplishment.

The activities within the framework of the Convention have

enabled cooperation,

have enabled countries to implement the framework more effectively, including all

the guidelines developed for a more accurate interpretation

of the Convention and which give specific guidance.

For example,

guidelines were established for flood management,

linked to the establishment of a joint evaluation program

which addresses adaptation to climate change in a transboundary context.

Not only did this allow the creation of agreements,

but also ensures continuous progress in the framework of cooperation.

These activities (developed within the framework of the work programme

which is adopted at the meeting of the Parties which takes place every three years)

respond to the various difficulties

encountered in the management of their transboundary waters.

For example, at the moment,

we are working on very newsworthy themes.

For example, the nexus between water, food, energy,

and ecosystems in the transboundary context, or,

for example, in the context of adaptation to climate change,

always in transboundary basins.

The work on climate change is

typical of what happens within the framework of the Convention.

Work has been ongoing since 2006 and

the work began with an acknowledgment

from the Parties

that the impact of climate change will present a great challenge.

The first thing they did was to create new policies.

How to best cooperate over a transboundary basin whilst taking into account

the risks of climate change and the

transboundary impact or, on the other hand, what happens if

one riparian Party undertakes the

unilateral construction of a dam,

which can have transboundary implications for others.

The development of the policy was the first step.

But it did not end there.

The idea was also to promote the implementation of the policy

through pilot projects which,

in some transboundary basins,

became the first basins in the world

to have adopted, for example,

a joint vulnerability study within the transboundary framework.

Then there are the joint strategies for how to best adapt these to transboundary basins.

With regards to

sustainable development goals (SDGs) within the context of cross border cooperation,

there have been some great advances.

For the first time, via a text negotiated within the UN,

consensus was reached on the need for cross border cooperation.

The last time this happened was in 1992 with Agenda 21.

This reflects a political shift

and reflects the importance of the theme.

The fact that in target 6.5 of the SDGs

on water and sanitation, there is a call for cooperation

for cross border cooperation from a political perspective.

The Convention will certainly have a role as it is the sole actor in the

UN framework with a mandate for transboundary cooperation

to help countries achieve this target.

All the activities of the Convention, of course, will help these efforts,

in both Party and non-Party countries.

It is important to stress that the Convention is a tool for

cooperation and these activities are open to all, Party or non-Party.

and that's very important.

Another very specific role of the Convention is linked to evaluation,

monitoring progress and

transboundary cooperation. An indicator has been adopted

by the Statistics Committee on transboundary cooperation and the

reporting system established within the Convention will allow this

indicator to be monitored.

>> Thank you very much Francesca for these insights. I am sure,

that you have provided us with a much better appreciation

of both the conventional framework but also the institutional framework which plays

a pioneering role

in the implementation of this Convention.

In the sequence that follows, we take a closer look

at the actors involved in the implementation of the Conventions

and the role of civil society in the promotion of the water Conventions.

{0}Thank you."{/0} {1} {/1}

[MUSIC]

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