1.3 Iteration

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En provenance du cours de University of Pennsylvania

Design: Creation of Artifacts in Society

notes

University of Pennsylvania

Design: Creation of Artifacts in Society

notes

This is a course aimed at making you a better designer. The course marries theory and practice, as both are valuable in improving design performance. Lectures and readings will lay out the fundamental concepts that underpin design as a human activity. Weekly design challenges test your ability to apply those ideas to solve real problems. The course is deliberately broad - spanning all domains of design, including architecture, graphics, services, apparel, engineered goods, and products. The emphasis of the course is the basic design process: define, explore, select, and refine. You, the student, bring to the course your particular interests and expertise related to, for instance, engineering, furniture, fashion, architecture, or products. In prior sessions of the course about half of the participants were novices and about half had prior professional design expertise. Both groups seem to benefit substantially from the course. All project work is evaluated by your peers -- and indeed, you will also be a peer reviewer. This format allows you to see an interesting collection of projects while getting useful feedback on your own project.

À partir de la leçon

Week #1: Introduction to Design

This module was designed to introduce you to the design process and to reinforce the critical role that user needs play in good design. You'll learn that design is conceiving and giving form to artifacts that solve problems, and also how to recognize and identify a gap in a problem. You'll explore what defines what users need, as well as ways to use those needs toward product design. By the end of this module, you will have begun your own design process by identifying 10 problem gaps and submitting them for feedback from your peers. You will also do a "5 Whys" exercise to help you determine the best design problem for you to solve in your final design project

1.1 What is Design?11:47

1.2 Design Process7:42

1.3 Iteration8:08

1.4 Find the Gap9:21

1.5 Five Whys11:12

1.6 Needs Introduction6:41

1.7 Types of Needs10:21

1.8 Gathering Needs19:51

1.9 Interpreting Needs10:52

Rencontrer les enseignants

Karl T. Ulrich
Vice Dean of Entrepreneurship and Innovation
The Wharton School

One really distinctive characteristic of design is that idea of divergence and

convergence But there's another distinct development of design or distinctive

characteristic of design processes which is that they're fundamentally iterative.

You would like to believe that you could proceed sequentially from defining the

problem, Exploring an alternative, to selecting the

solution. But the reality is that as you explore

solutions, you get greater clarity about problem definition.

And as you go to select an, an alternative or select a plan, you recognize medicional

alternatives and maybe even get additional clarity around problem definition.

In fact, I'm going to show you a little data here that illustrates the, one of the

ways in which design is fundamentally iterative.

This is some data collected by Gunther, that takes the activities of a group of

designers over a two-hour period and divides them into three categories.

These categories correspond roughly into our three steps in the design process,

defining the problem or clarifying the task, exploring then, a searching for

alternatives. And lastly, fixing the solution or

selecting the plan. And what you see is that, while there is

this overarching cascading from, from clarifying the task, to exploring

alternatives, to fixing the concept or selecting the approach, you do see this

overall cascading. You also see a lot of back-and-forth, that

is it isn't the case that the team never revisits the clarification of the task

after beginning to explore for alternate, explore alternatives.

And so, design, even over a two- hour period ends up being quite iterative.

And it's a, it's a bit of a misrepresentation to suggest that those

three steps in the design process proceed strictly sequentially.

Iteration and design takes place over many different time scales.

There's a micro level iteration that takes place at the hands of an individual

designer where here, she will go back and make changes.

We'll try something else. We'll learn something and go back.

And we'll iterate over minutes, hours, days, or weeks in the scope of an, of a

single project. But there's also iteration over multiple

life cycles of an artifact that's produced by a single organization, or even over

multiple generations of a category of artifact in society as a whole.

So, let me just walk you through a little bit of the history of the ice cream scoop.

We started with a, Last time with the fictitious notion that

the first Egyptian commercial ice cream vendor, Tabia had produced this block of

wood with a, with an iron scoop on it that had resulted in the first ice cream scoop.

Now, of course it didn't happen like that. But we don't know how it, how it actually

happened back in the tenth century. But imagine that Tabia, at the very micro

level had decided that the grip wasn't very comfortable.

And had, had said, well, gee, why don't we just cut a littles scoop out of that so

that the, the grip would be more comfortable.

That's an example of iteration at the micro level, at the level of an individual

designer. The first ice cream scoop that I know

about that's commercially available is this one here.

And the basic idea here was to take this conical, metallic form, use it to mold a

scoop of ice cream or potatoes or other kinds of, of semisolid materials.

And then, there's this, this wing handle on the back that rotates a blade inside

the cone that allows the formed food to drop out.

At some point, this design emerged, which uses a, a hemispherical form to form a,

the unit, of the serving unit in the shape of a, of a half of a ball.

And then, has this thumb action, this little rock and pinion, and a little blade

that separates the half ball from the mold.

Now, in subsequent generations, like this one.

The basic principle is quite similar, you see that the gear has moved to a different

location but the main advancement here is the adoption of lower cost production

methods, in particular, stamping and forming in order to make these, these

parts. Several generations of designs preceeded

after that along the same basic idea and most of the improvements relate to cost

reduction, simplification, greater ergonomics.

This one is die cast aluminum. But has the same basic working principle.

At some point, a scoop designer decided that, that thumb action wasn't very

ergonomic and that it would be much better to use the full grip.

And so, this is a design that relies on the full grip strength of the user but

still relies on the same blade action to cut the hemispherical unit out of the

mold. At some point, some decades ago,

Someone concluded that there might be a way to use the warm scoop, itself, to

prevent the sticking of the ice cream into the mold.

And so, this was a design and all aluminum design, it's still quite common today

especially commercially that relies on kind of a shaving action, to form a curl

of ice cream, and then relies on the idea that the large thermal mass of this

aluminum would stay relatively warm and would allow the ball to separate from the,

from the mold. This design also has the idea if you, if

you shake it, you can sense that there's some liquid inside and that's a, a heat

transfer fluid of some kind, it might just be water, I don't know.

Then, the idea, at least the story goes, that the warmth form the user's hand is

actually conducted into the end of the ice cream scoop in order to.

Keep it warm and prevent it from sticking. But you'll see in many commercial

establishments. These scoops will sit in a pan of warm

water, in order to keep them, them warm. The Zyliss design in many ways builds on.

The success of this approach. .

It uses the large thermal mass of this aluminum head and to,, to, to reliably

stay warmer than the ice cream, as long as it weren't stored in the freezer.

And that, and still uses that curved surface to create a curl of ice cream.

But then, the warmth of this head allows the ice cream to separate from the, from

the curved mold of the, of the head itself.

It also has a very ergonomic grip which allows the operator.

The operator's thumb. To apply a downward force which relives

some of the stress on the, on the wrist. So, that's just a short history of ice

cream scoops over, in our case, over, since the tenth century at least in our

fictional narrative. But at least it's the nineteenth century

in the case of these early scoops and what you see is that design creates great

artifacts, not in one step. Typically, not as a result of the action

of a single designer. But rather through successive generations

of products. Where each, each, each designer is able to

rely on what's known based on prior generations of the artifact and to make

improvements based on a foundation that's been established by others.

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