1.3. Perestroyka of 1980s

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En provenance du cours de Saint Petersburg State University

Constitutional Reforms in Russia

23 notes

Saint Petersburg State University

Constitutional Reforms in Russia

23 notes

The course prepared by one of the best Russian experts in constitutional law will focus on political, economic and cultural dimensions of the Russian constitutional system. Historical background of constitutional reforms and today developments will be discussed, basing on concrete examples of these developments. The course will both observe the specific of the Russian constitutional system in comparison to the other constitutional systems and penetrate into the key characteristics of the Russian constitution. Since adoption of the current Russian constitution of 1993 this constitutional system made a great evolution. The course will help to understand what ideas and concepts stand behind the Russian politics, both domestic and international, which principles lie in the basement of the legal framework for cultural, political and economic life of the Russian society. Foreigners and Russians see the Russian constitutional system in the «distorting mirror» of mass media; both of them need professional analysis of how the legal, governmental and economic systems are designed in Russia. The course will present this kind of analysis by a Russian scholar, familiar to contemporary development of constitutionalism in the world, who is able to present the view from inside Russia, but to position the Russian constitutional system in the a wide context of the world constitutionalism. On the finishing this course the students will: 1. make analysis of legislative and judicial acts, taken by Russian state authorities in the context of the Russian constitution, its main values and basic principles 2. to give expert assistance for interaction with the Russian government structures in a wide range of political and economic questions Know: 1. the specific of the Russian constitution, Russian legal, political and economic system 2. the history of forming and development of the contemporary constitutional system of Russia Have the capacity to: 1. better understand of political, economic and legal processes in Russia 2. make prognosis of the development of the Russian legislation and judicial practice, the reaction of the Russian state bodies to events in the world and to the decisions made by foreign states and international organizations

À partir de la leçon

Modul 1. Introduction

1.1. Greetings. Aims and Objectives of the Course10:56

1.2. Soviet Ideology, Politics, Law and the Constitution12:53

1.3. Perestroyka of 1980s10:11

1.4. Adoption of the New Constitution and Making Design of the New State in 1990s11:43

1.5. Embodying the New Principles in the Legal and Government Systems in 2000-2010s12:14

Rencontrer les enseignants

Sergei A. Belov
Associate Professor of Constitutional Law, Candidate of law (PhD)
Department of State and Administrative Law, Law Faculty

In 1985, after the death of the previous leader,

Mikhail Gorbachev became the new leader of

the Soviet Union and very soon after this,

he declared the new course on Perestroyka.

Perestroyka means a rebuilding but in fact it was the attempt to change

the Soviet Economic System to step over

those difficulties which appear in the late 1970s and in the beginning of 1980s.

The approach and the reforms which were supposed by Gorbachev in 1985,

were mostly in the field of economy.

The economy was that death field which was the most

problematic at that time and

the measures which were supposed to be taken by the Soviet state,

by the Communist Party in these new established system was to make

more intensive economic development and

to keep coming over all these economic difficulties.

The attempts to reform economy

was the initial beginning of the Perestroyka and further reforms.

But, while in for example China,

the more or less at the same time,

the reforms in the economic sphere could be separated

from the reform of political system in the Soviet Union.

This was not the result and in the very end the economic reforms

more or less are required the change of political system and

a start in the improvement of economic function of the Soviet system.

Gorbachev ended up with the great threat from all the whole Soviet system

which led to the abolition of

the system and abolition and the collapse of the Soviet Union itself.

The first reforms which started in

Perestroyka concern and the implementation of private initiatives,

private entrepreneurship in the state commanded,

administrative commanded, and planned economy.

And this was the new form of

entrepreneurship and new for Soviet Social Economic System.

It was cooperatives.

Supposing that people could do

their own entrepreneurship in a form of making their own small entities,

but the results of their labor could

not form their own property because it was still

the legal ban on any private property in the whole economic system.

Of course, it was not very effective as

well as the second measure which was taken at the same time.

This was the new possibility to

form a joint economic entities,

joint enterprises, joint by

the Soviet and foreign investors and of Soviet and foreign participants.

These economic measures were also accompanied with

other measures improving the economic,

the administrative environment of the economic like the bureaucracy and

the whole administrative system where formalism or

corruption were great barriers for economic development.

These measures which were taken and you're in the beginning of Perestroyka,

were aimed to struggle with these barriers to economic development,

but they were the measures taken only in the beginning.

Later, the other general principle and

the other general measure taken by Soviet Communist Party,

whereas the policy of Glasnost.

Glasnost meant openness and it meant the possibility to

discuss in mass media and public discussion of political decision,

the sensitive political questions.

So Glasnost meant the freedom of press and it was a part of a reform and

economic system because Gorbachev was afraid

of opposition to all the economic measures from

the party's nomenclature and it was the measure to prevent to get

the public support of all the new reforms counterbalancing

the reforms measures by

political and partial nomenclature.

So, it was not immediately reflected in the Constitution or in the Soviet legislation.

The policy of Glasnost was rather the part of

new policy of the state but not in new legal regulation and new legal principles.

But still it was a step to the reforming of political system as

well because Glasnost was right on the edge between the economy and the political system,

that's the policy of Glasnost,

led to the reforming of political system in the Soviet Union.

These reforms started in three years after

the declarant of Perestroyka for the first time namely in

1988 and it was the first competitive elections

and it was later established in the new system of government.

And later in the late 1980s,

it was adoption of the new principles,

new for the Soviet system,

the principles which were borrowed from western time democracy.

It was the principle of separation of powers,

it was recognition of private property, ownership,

and it was the recognition of the rule of law and other basic principles.

So this point was probably the true point of start.

All the great reforms which later were

developed both in the Soviet Union and later in the Russian Federation.

In the course of legal reforms in amendments to the Constitution,

in adoption of the new constitution in 1991,

in 1992, and 1993.

This was the principal decision of making the new system,

the system which was based on

before alien for the Soviet system principles,

principles of the Western type democracy.

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