Hey, gang, Rich Florida, here. We're now in week five of our course. And well, you've learned about why cities are important, and why they matter, how and why we live in a world of cities with billions upon billions of people streaming into cities. You've learned about why cities are these cradles of innovation and creativity. And in the past week, you've covered this issue of the new urban crisis, the subject of my most recent book published this year. The idea that as our cities have come back, become these places of innovation, of economic growth, attracted people back, experiences urban revival, they've generated new and vexing problems of urban success. They've become increasingly unequal, people become separated into neighborhoods of the advantaged and the disadvantaged. Some of that in cities, some of that in suburbs. And many have become increasingly unaffordable, in some cases, in big cities like London or New York or Toronto or Stockholm or many others, become unaffordable to anyone but the super rich. And next week, you'll be in the final week of the course, and then learn how to apply all of this, trying to pick or choose. Then even if you like the place you live, to thinking about this in a structured way, why it's important to think about, and choose the place that's best for you, and best fits you and your family. We had a bunch of interesting questions this week, but one seemed particularly useful to me, and I have it here on my handy-dandy handheld computer. And this learner says, it's Lisa. Lisa says, "Ironically, what some people call gentrification, others call revitalization. Most people would consider lower crime, a cleaner neighborhood, more business in restaurants, a good thing. But the flip side of this urban revival or improvement means that rents and home prices rise, and residents, perhaps even long-term residents, get priced out." It's a tricky problem. And what can we do about it? Well, one of the things we talk about in the videos of the course in my book, in the readings, is that gentrification itself is a really emotionally-laden term. It's actually quite uncommon. People call a lot of attention to it, but actually, according to the best estimates we have, maybe 5-10% of urban neighborhoods have been gentrified. That is, they've been a relatively low income neighborhood where wealthier people have come in and pushed out people. The second thing we know is that while a lot of people talk about getting displaced by gentrification, that is also quite uncommon. What typically happens is neighborhoods that gentrify are either older industrial neighborhoods where no one lived, there were factories and warehouses, or they're typically more, and when I say more affluent, relatively affluent, white, working class neighborhoods, where people own their homes and can sell them and make a profit and move. While we hear these stories, and it's certainly true that in some neighborhoods in cities like New York or London, lower income people have been displaced, that's the exception to the rule. And gentrification within bounds can be a good thing. When income comes into a neighborhood, when businesses are upgraded, when neighborhoods conditions improve, when schools are better. The problem is when people are kicked out. One leading scholar said recently, "We always want to encourage people to move to better neighborhoods, but what if we made their neighborhoods better." Problem is when we make their neighborhoods better, some people do get kicked out. So I think the real issue is how do we create public policy measures, particularly at the local level in our great cities, that enable people who may be getting displaced by gentrification or might more likely are being displaced by higher housing prices generally, to stay in those cities. And I think that's the case we want to make, not the staunched gentrification, but really to create more affordable housing and more workforce housing, and that's really the agenda. How do we make all neighborhoods more affordable for people with less means? The ways to do that are to provide basic income support, to provide rental supplements or housing vouchers. So there are all the things we can do to make neighborhoods more affordable, and I think that's really the question, not how you keep the gentrifies out, which may be the emotional response. How do you make housing affordable for all different kinds of people from all different kinds of socio-economic strata to live in a place they want to leave? So thank you for that question. Keep writing in your questions, and keep contributing to the course, and especially, keep up the conversations on those discussion forums. It's great being with you again this week.