Explore
For Enterprise
Join for Free
Log In

Arts et humanités
Business
Informatique
Science des données
Technologies de l'information
santé
Mathématiques et logique
Développement personnel
Sciences physiques et ingénierie
Sciences sociales
Apprentissage des langues
Diplômes
Certificats

Explorez l'intégralité de Coursera

Parcourir
Rechercher
For Enterprise
Connexion
Inscrivez-vous gratuitement

Introduction to Metastasis

Loading...

Introduction to the Biology of Cancer

Université Johns-Hopkins

4.7 (1,988 notes) | 79K étudiants inscrits

Over 500,000 people in the United States and over 8 million people worldwide are dying every year from cancer. As people live longer, the incidence of cancer is rising worldwide and the disease is expected to strike over 20 million people annually by 2030. This open course is designed for people who would like to develop an understanding of cancer and how it is prevented, diagnosed, and treated. The course introduces the molecular biology of cancer (oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes) as well as the biologic hallmarks of cancer. The course also describes the risk factors for the major cancers worldwide, including lung cancer, breast cancer, colon cancer, prostate cancer, liver cancer, and stomach cancer. We explain how cancer is staged, the major ways cancer is found by imaging, and how the major cancers are treated. In addition to the core materials, this course includes two Honors lessons devoted to cancers of the liver and prostate. Upon successful completion of this course, you will be able to: - Identify the major types of cancer worldwide. (Lecture 1) - Describe how genes contribute to the risk and growth of cancer. (Lecture 2) - List and describe the ten cellular hallmarks of cancer. (Lecture 3) - Define metastasis, and identify the major steps in the metastatic process. (Lecture 4) - Describe the role of imaging in the screening, diagnosis, staging, and treatments of cancer. (Lecture 5) - Explain how cancer is treated. (Lecture 6) We hope that this course gives you a basic understanding of cancer biology and treatment. The course is not designed for patients seeking treatment guidance – but it can help you understand how cancer develops and provides a framework for understanding cancer diagnosis and treatment.

Visualiser le programme de cours

Compétences que vous apprendrez

Cancer, Biology, Cancer Biology, Cancer Genetics

Avis

4.7 (1,988 notes)

5 stars
1,563 ratings
4 stars
358 ratings
3 stars
53 ratings
2 stars
7 ratings
1 star
7 ratings

OK

Nov 23, 2016

It will be very helpful to me for doing my research work on the very same topic.\n\nBut all of these courses should be free of cost,just like this one.\n\nThanking you once again !\n\nRegards.

IY

Feb 25, 2017

great course with very experience lecturers . it has helped me to gain more insight into cancer development. thank you so much Dr. Kenneth J. Pienta and the other doctors. God bless you all.

À partir de la leçon

Metastasis: The Real Killer

The lethal agent of cancer is metastasis. This week, we'll take a good look at this deadly event, TNM staging, the metastatic process, and an ecological paradigm.

Metastasis Overview1:10

Introduction to Metastasis6:39

TNM Staging5:40

The Metastatic Process12:40

An Ecological Paradigm: Why Do Cancer Cells Metastasize from the Primary Tumor?5:53

Enseigné par

Kenneth J. Pienta, M.D.
The Donald S. Coffey Professor of Urology

Transcription

[MUSIC]

Hi, my name is Ken Valkenburg,

and I'm a cancer researcher at Johns Hopkins School of Medicine.

I'm going to talk to you about cancer metastasis.

So I've entitled this module Metastasis, The Real Killer.

Because metastasis is usually the thing that causes death in cancer patients.

And we'll get into why that is and how it happens throughout this module.

These are the objectives for the module.

The first one is to understand the lethality of metastasis.

The second one is to describe the TNM system for cancer staging.

Then, to identify the major steps of the metastatic process.

And finally, to explain the principle of metastatic homing and the seed and

soil hypothesis.

So, the first section that we'll go over an introduction of metastasis.

And we will describe and define metastasis.

So, metastasis can be broken down into two parts.

Meta meaning to alter something or something beyond.

And stasis meaning a state of inactivity or stagnation.

Put together, metastasis is changing or moving beyond something stationary.

In clinical terms, we use metastasis to refer to the process which tumor cells go

from a primary tumor such as a prostate tumor to a different organ such as bone.

Prostate cancer growing in the prostate is an example of a primary tumor.

Whereas prostate cancer cells that have gone to the bone and

begun growing there is an example of a metastatic prostate tumor.

In other words, if someone has cancer cells growing in their bone,

they may not necessarily have bone cancer.

It only matters where those cancer cells originated.

If they originally grew in the prostate, for example, then that cancer would be

referred to as prostate cancer even though it's in the bone.

Some terms to know that I'll be using in this lecture are on the right side of

the slide, metastasize is the actual act

of a cell going from a primary tumor to a secondary site.

Metastatic is an adjective describing a cancer that metastasizes.

And metastases refers to multiple metastatic tumors.

So let's focus on the primary tumor first.

You've heard of the words benign and malignant in reference to cancer.

The very definition of a malignant tumor is a tumor that has tumor cells that have

the ability to invade neighboring tissue and metastasize.

Benign tumors may grow to a certain extent but

as long as they do not develop the ability to metastasize, they remain benign.

Benign tumors can become malignant however and

we'll talk about that in future slides.

In this course, Dr.

Zarif previously discussed and defined the hallmarks of cancer.

Each of these hallmarks promotes metastasis.

Sustained proliferation, replicative immortality, and

evading growth suppression allows for cancer cells to grow uncontrollably

into a tumor mass big enough to invade neighboring tissue.

Genome instability and

an altered metabolism causes cells to become more aggressive and mobile.

The ability of cells to resist cell death and avoid immune destruction allows for

them to survive harsh conditions in the metastatic journey.

And tumor promoting inflammation promotes metastasis by bring certain immune cells

to the primary tumor that actually engage with tumor cells and

cause them to leave the primary site and enter circulation.

And angiogenesis, the formation of new blood vessels, provides a way for

tumor cells to leave the primary site and enter the bloodstream.

In short, all of the hallmarks promote metastasis and are extremely important for

it to occur.

Let's delve into the history of metastasis a little bit.

Melanoma and metastases were found in 2000 year old skulls from Peru, and

other metastatic lesions have been recorded as well throughout history.

The actual word metastasis was used to first describe metastatic

tumors in breast cancer patients who were lactating.

They called it metastasis of milk.

Associating metastasis with cancer diagnoses and treatment was first

done in 1829 and the process of tumor dissemination later in 1858.

Since then, cancer researchers have discovered much about the process and

the nature of metastasis, but there is still much to learn.

We know that all solid tumors can metastasize.

Liquid cancers like leukemia do not metastasize because there is

no primary tumor.

And most people who die of cancer will die because they have a metastatic tumor.

Some cancers are diagnosed infrequently with metastatic cancer, such as breast and

prostate.

Likely due to better screening methods,

which can find tumors before they become metastatic.

Some tumors however are difficult to screen and detect, and

therefore become metastatic by the time they are diagnosed.

You can see the number of deaths worldwide due to the six most common cancers.

Breast, prostate, lung, colon, liver and stomach, which we have described before.

That metastatic cancer is still a huge problem worldwide.

In addition, this chart shows that in general the metastatic disease is the real

killer for cancer patients.

Non-metastatic cancers are much less lethal in general.

Let me walk you through this chart.

A five year survival rate refers to the percentage of patients

that are still alive five years after the diagnosis.

So for non-metastatic prostate cancer,

100% of patience are alive five years after diagnosis.

For metastatic prostate cancer,

only 29% of patients are still alive after five years.

A similar dramatic difference can be seen in each of the other six cancers So

now that we know that metastasis is the biggest killer in cancer,

how does cancer actually kill people?

One way is through the loss of tissue function due to a tumor growing in

an organ, and damaging or blocking its natural function.

And example of this is a metastatic tumor growing in the brain and

causing loss of regular brain function.

Excessive bleeding can cause irreversible problems for

cancer that can lead to death.

An embolism is the blockage of an artery, and if this happens in the lung,

you likely have a pulmonary embolism.

It could result in death.

Cancer patients are also more prone to infection,

partially due to the cancer's effect on the immune system,

and partially due to the effect of chemotherapy on the immune system.

Speaking of cancer treatment, chemotherapy and

radiation can cause irreparable damage to various organ systems.

This includes treatment that manage pain which metastatic cancer patients tend to

feel a lot of.

Cachexia is a term that generally means weakness and

wasting away due to severe chronic illness, and cancer is certainly that.

Metastatic cancer can also disrupt ion balances throughout the body.

And bone metastasis in particular can cause severe hypercalcemia which is

excessive amounts of calcium in the blood stream which can be fatal in severe cases.

So that's it for section a, which is just an introduction to metastasis.

And I think you can appreciate the lethality of metastasis in cancer.

In the next section, we'll discuss the system that is used to stage cancer,

in which metastasis plays a big role.

Explorer notre catalogue

Rejoignez-nous gratuitement et obtenez des recommendations, des mises à jour et des offres personnalisées.

Coursera propose un accès universel à la meilleure formation au monde, en partenariat avec des universités et des organisations du plus haut niveau, pour proposer des cours en ligne.

© 2019 Coursera Inc. Tous droits réservés.

Télécharger dans l'App Store

Disponible sur Google Play

Coursera
À propos
Direction
Carrières
Catalogue
Certificats
Certificats MasterTrack™
Diplômes
For Enterprise
For Government

Communauté
Learners
Partners
Developers
Beta Testers
Translators

Se connecter
Blog
Facebook
LinkedIn
Twitter
Instagram
YouTube
Blog Tech

Plus
Conditions
Confidentialité
Aide
Accessibilité
Presse
Contact
Répertoire
Filiales