So one well-known example of income-generating programs is what is called the graduation program or efforts to support people to graduate from transfers of assets from outside and then to continue to develop or increase the incomes by themselves. What are the key features of graduation? The program hinges on the idea that if you want to support people to make an income by themselves, it is important to cover all the different features that go into the success of any attempt to earn an income, and also that not everybody in a community or in a village or in a city would be able to graduate from support on their own. So the first key step in graduation programs is to select the right households and clients. Often this is based on a survey that can be carried out in the community, and based on the survey, the implementer of the program assesses which households are better suited for the graduation program. Once the households are identified, they receive a transfer of a productive asset, and this could be sewing machine, or it could be livestock and animal, a goat or if you got some sheep, depending on the context and depending on the kinds of economic enterprises that the household has some knowledge or some experience with. The provision of productive asset is a second step in the graduation program. Then there is also some training development of human capital, provision of some support for savings, and then finally, efforts to address the health and insurance needs for the household health so that people can continue to work and don't fall sick and thereby lose their asset and insurance in case some calamity or some unexpected event befalls the household and prevents them from making use of the asset. So the goal of working with households on each of these different aspects of making a successful economic activity get accomplished is to help households accumulate assets to improve their savings, to have access to banks, to learn how to carry out economic activities more effectively, to improve their health, and through all of these different forms of support, make them self-sustaining so that over time they're able to make an income and no longer need the help of anybody from outside. Graduation programs were started initially, or at least the substantial experience with graduation programs was created by the BRAC, which is the Bangladesh Rural Advancement Committee. It was one of the names of this NGO. It's one of the largest non-government organizations in Bangladesh, and it showed that the implementation of the graduation program is effective in helping households continue to make a living for themselves even after support from outside has stopped. This experience of BRAC was then used by a number of researchers to carry out experiments in different countries to assess whether the experience in Bangladesh would also be valid, could also be generalized to other countries. What they found was that indeed what BRAC had found as the success of the graduation model in Bangladesh was also working out in a number of other countries, such that the amounts invested in supporting households and helping them earn an income on their own led to at least similar additional incomes by themselves within the period that the program was implemented. So this is one of the successful examples of a program to help poor households generate an income and move out of poverty. Different countries, a number of variations have been tried out on the basic model that BRAC has tried. But in various iterations of the graduation model that had been substantial success, at least until now and helping households move out of poverty. These are two other examples of graduation models which had been tried out in different country. It should be noted that graduation programs pet along history. They are not something that came out of the blue. For example, the Integrated Rural Development Program in India, implemented in the late 1970s and 1980s, was another example of a graduation program or model of programs that try to help households and poor households by transmitting an asset and helping the household earn an income to the asset so that they can move out of poverty. The IRDP program in India was not as successful as these more recent attempts at helping households generate income for themselves. In part, the experience of the IRDP is a cautionary tale about what can go wrong with programs such as the graduation model. Essentially what they already saw was that the graduation model or an income-generating program based on transfer of assets, has the assumption that a number of different kinds of benefits and inputs will be provided to households and they would be able to then integrate these different kinds of benefits in their own efforts to improve their incomes. While it has clearly worked in a lot of different places, it stands to be seen rather scaling up of the program to a much larger level and to cover a lot more households is going to be equally successful. Currently, there are efforts to implement the graduation approach in something like 37 countries with the assistance of many different international donors. The results of this scaling up are not yet known, but it's something that would be very interesting to see and to understand as to whether this can work at a large scale in lots of different countries and can be generalized as an approach that could address the poverty of people who have some assets and some capacities to build on their existing income generation capabilities. So overall, in terms of the effectiveness of the graduation model and income-generating programs more broadly, there is a substantial scope for these programs to be effective in reducing poverty. Emerging research on the subject suggests that it can be scaled up, but we don't yet have information about the extent to which scaled-up graduation programs can be equally effective as those which have been tried out in a more experimental or pilot basis. There is some room for caution because it requires the graduation approach and most income-generating programs require the coordination of a number of different kinds of interventions to be effective.