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En provenance du cours de University of California San Diego

Algorithms on Graphs

819 notes

University of California San Diego

Algorithms on Graphs

819 notes

Cours 3 sur 6 dans Specialization Data Structures and Algorithms

If you have ever used a navigation service to find optimal route and estimate time to destination, you've used algorithms on graphs. Graphs arise in various real-world situations as there are road networks, computer networks and, most recently, social networks! If you're looking for the fastest time to get to work, cheapest way to connect set of computers into a network or efficient algorithm to automatically find communities and opinion leaders in Facebook, you're going to work with graphs and algorithms on graphs. In this course, you will first learn what a graph is and what are some of the most important properties. Then you'll learn several ways to traverse graphs and how you can do useful things while traversing the graph in some order. We will then talk about shortest paths algorithms — from the basic ones to those which open door for 1000000 times faster algorithms used in Google Maps and other navigational services. You will use these algorithms if you choose to work on our Fast Shortest Routes industrial capstone project. We will finish with minimum spanning trees which are used to plan road, telephone and computer networks and also find applications in clustering and approximate algorithms.

À partir de la leçon

Advanced Shortest Paths Project (Optional)

In this module, you will learn Advanced Shortest Paths algorithms that work in practice 1000s (up to 25000) of times faster than the classical Dijkstra's algorithm on real-world road networks and social networks graphs. You will work on a Programming Project based on these algorithms. You will find the shortest paths on the real maps of parts of US and the shortest paths connecting people in the social networks. We encourage you not only to use the ideas from this module's lectures in your implementations, but also to come up with your own ideas for speeding up the algorithm! We encourage you to compete on the forums to see whose implementation is the fastest one :)

Highway Hierarchies and Node Importance7:28

Preprocessing7:57

Witness Search10:01

Proof of Correctness9:22

Node Ordering14:21

Rencontrer les enseignants

Alexander S. Kulikov
Visiting Professor
Department of Computer Science and Engineering
Michael Levin
Lecturer
Computer Science
Daniel M Kane
Assistant Professor
Department of Computer Science and Engineering / Department of Mathematics
Neil Rhodes
Adjunct Faculty
Computer Science and Engineering

Hi, in this video we'll study how to actually find the distance

between nodes in the augmented graph after pre-processing it

using contraction of the nodes.

So the main idea is that we will use Bidirectional Dijkstra.

And this Bidirectional Dijkstra will only use some of the edges

of the augmented graph.

So you remember that when we contracted the nodes,

we placed them from bottom to top in the order of increasing importance.

And also in the order of contraction, so the later the node was contracted,

the more important is this node.

And so we drew this arrow with node order from bottom to top.

And we will consider only the upward edges.

So for example if we need to find the shortest path between node two and

node three in this graph, the path will look like this.

It will go first, by edges,

which go up to some node with the biggest importance.

For example, in this case, it will be node 6.

And then we'll go by edges down from that node 6, into node 3.

And to find such a path, we will use Bidirectional Dijkstra, which we'll start

both from 2 and from 3 and from 2 it'll go by forward edges which go up.

And from 3 it'll go by backward edges which also go up.

And then they will meet at some node and

we'll find some path which goes first up and then goes down.

This is the general idea but it is someone difference still

from the classical Bidirectional Dijkstra variant.

So in the Bidirectional Dijkstra as soon as we find some node that is process both

by the forward search and the backward search, we stop and

compute the shortest distance.

In this case, we don't stop when some node was processed by both searches.

We stop only when the extracted node is already farther

than our current estimate of the distance to the target.

This is the pseudo code code for the function ComputeDistance which takes as

inputs service node s and target node t and returns the distance between them.

Of course it also takes as input for example the graph and

the reverse graph for the bidirectional search but I just omitted those details.

Note however that you only need to store in the graph the edges which go upwards.

So we have a node A and a node B and an edge from A to B.

If A was contracted earlier than B, then you need to store this edge.

But if B was contracted earlier than A,

then this edge goes downwards and so you don't need to store this edge.

You can just delete it because it won't be used at all in the queries.

And so, you don't need to store it in the pre-process,

in the augmented graph at all.

We start with initializing variable estimate which will

store our current estimate of the distance between the source and the target.

And we initialize it with plus infinity because currently,

we don't know of any path between source and target.

Then we do the standard initialization of the bidirectional Dijkstra data.

We fill the arrays with distance estimates for the forward search and

the backward search with plus infinities.

And we'll also set the distance in the forward search from the source to zero.

And the distance in the backwards search from the target also to zero.

And also have the lists of the processed nodes for

the forward and the backward search.

Then we'll have the main loop and this loop goes while we still have some

nodes to process, either in the forward Dijkstra or in the backward Dijkstra.

Which means that basically in our priority queue that we use for

the Djikstra algorithm, there still are some nodes.

Either in the queue for the forward Djikstra search or in the queue for

the backward Djikstra search.

While there are still such nodes, we try to extract node in the forward

search if there is still something in the queue for the forward search.

And this node will all ready have the distance estimate which is

equal to the distance from source s to this node v.

So if the distance from s to v is already bigger than the estimate

of the distance from s to t, we don't need to process node v.

And we don't need to put it into queue and

to process the nodes which are the successors of v.

So we only do that if the distance estimate of v is smaller or

equal to the current estimate.

Then we process, basically we do the same, we do in the regular Dijkstra step.

And then, we need to also update our estimate.

So if v is processed in the reverse search which act that by if v in proc R,

then it is processed in both searches.

Because v has just been processed in the forward search and

it is also in the list of processed nodes in the backward search.

So it is processed by both forward and backward searches.

This means that its distance estimates both in the forward and

the backward search are already equal to the corresponding distances from s to v

and from v to t.

And so we know the length of the shortest path going from s to t through v.

This path has length equal to dist of v plus dist R of v.

If this length is smaller than our current estimate of the distance between s and

t we need to update it.

And that's what we do in this if statement.

And then we try to do the backward Dijkstra search.

And it is completely symmetric to what we have here for

the forward Dijkstra search, so I don't write the code for that.

And this while loop goes and goes until all the nodes and all the queues for

forward and backward search are processed.

And then in the end we just return our current estimate

of the distance between source and the target.

Now it seems that we already know everything.

We know how to pre-process the graph using the contraction of the node.

We also know how to implement queries using bidirectional Dijkstra, so

are we done?

Can we actually go and implement this algorithm?

Well of course we're not done because for example we don't know yet

whether this algorithm works correctly or not.

So commute distance procedure returns some estimate of the distance between source

and the target but is it always correct estimate?

Is it always equal to the distance between s and t in the initial graph or not?

We don't know that.

Also, this can be distance procedure only returns us the estimate of

the distance between source and the target but it doesn't return the actual shortest

path between source and the target in the initial graph.

But that's more of a technical moment.

Using the standard bidirectional Dijkstra algorithm we can reconstruct the path

in the augmented graph between source and target using the special RA with

the previous node in the shortest path from source to this node.

And the same for the backward search.

And then some of the edges could be shortcuts,

instead of the edges of the initial graph.

But then while we do the pre-processing we should also store in the shortcut

not just the edge but also which two edges were there before we ended the shortcut.

Now we can recursively take the shortcut and

replace it with the two edges that were before the shortcut.

And then if some of those two edges are also shortcuts, we recursively

get the edges that were there before these shortcuts were added, and so on.

And then, we will eventually reconstruct the path in the initial graph,

which only contains the edges of the initial graph.

And in the next video we will actually prove that this algorithm works correctly,

that the estimate from the compute distance procedure will always return

the correct distance between source and the target.

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