5.2.5 Recurring features in neurodegeneration

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En provenance du cours de Peking University

Advanced Neurobiology II

59 notes

Peking University

Advanced Neurobiology II

59 notes

Hello everyone! Welcome to advanced neurobiology! Neuroscience is a wonderful branch of science on how our brain perceives the external world, how our brain thinks, how our brain responds to the outside of the world, and how during disease or aging the neuronal connections deteriorate. We’re trying to understand the molecular, cellular nature and the circuitry arrangement of how nervous system works. Through this course, you'll have a comprehensive understanding of basic neuroanatomy, electral signal transduction, movement and several diseases in the nervous system. This advanced neurobiology course is composed of 2 parts (Advanced neurobiology I and Advanced neurobiology Il). They are related to each other on the content but not on scoring or certification, so you can choose either or both. It’s recommended that you take them sequentially and it’s great if you’ve already acquired a basic understanding of biology. Thank you for joining us!

À partir de la leçon

Movement and movement disorders I

5.2.1 The ladder-from molecules to animals6:35

5.2.2 Biology and disease—why do we biologists care about diseases?8:59

5.2.3 Why do we care so much about the 10% genetic forms of neurological diseases?12:12

5.2.4 Cellular functions—what are involved in neurological diseases?3:18

5.2.5 Recurring features in neurodegeneration6:59

5.2.6 Anatomic deficits of AD10:46

5.2.7 Cell death in AD14:46

5.2.8 Genes involved in AD8:33

5.2.9 Practice:what’s the situation in ALS?1:18

Rencontrer les enseignants

Chenjian Li
Professor
School of Life Sciences
Donggen Luo
Research Fellow
School of Life Sciences
Yan Zhang
Professor
School of Life Sciences, Peking University

So we're going to talk about disease in movement and movement disorders.

Many of these diseases are in the category of neuraodegeneration.

Not all of them, but a big chunk of that is in neuraodegeneration.

So I decided to pick those areas in neurodegeneration as

an example to present what do we understand?

How do we understand the process?

So I picked one disease to start with on purpose.

And that is a disease you have known quite a bit about, which is Alzheimer's disease.

Alzheimer's disease has about 20% overlap with Parkinson's disease.

That's not a small number, okay.

Although Alzheimer's disease is not a typical

movement disorder, but it has a strong component of it.

And the reason I picked that disease is exactly because you

had previous knowledge about it from other lecturers from your previous studies.

So if we want to understand a disease, we usually look at several factors.

In that disease, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, so on and so forth,

there's always a question of genetic factors versus environmental factors.

The old question of nature and nurture, okay.

So there are genetic factors, for sure, and

there are environmental factors in these disease developments.

A second very, very obvious feature is that

there are multiple cellular/molecular defects or

pathways involved in these diseases.

I ask you to simply, randomly flip to any sections,

and you will find, well, this one is involved or that one is involved.

As a matter of fact, it's hard to find any process that is not involved in a disease.

The third one is almost all of those diseases

may have a stage or age dependence.

This means at a young age, they're probably okay, and

then when people grow older and older,

then they have a pathology gradually manifesting itself.

This is true for Alzheimer's disease, for Parkinson's disease and for

many of these neuraodegenerative diseases.

The last one I want to make is it's always true that these diseases

manifest them with many pathologic factors.

But pathologic ones,

many of them are not pathogenic ones.

So these words are very similar to each other, but

I want you to pay attention to them.

Pathologic means anything that’s associated with the disease,

but pathogenic means the change of that actually is

a causal event to later development.

So pathogenic is a lot more stringent, okay.

And these are the features, recurrent features, in neurodegeneration.

So I picked four diseases to mention to you.

We'll focus on three of them in class discussion, and

leave one of them to you to just practice the way to understand or

to know about a disease.

These four diseases are Alzheimer's disease (AD),

Parkinson's disease (PD), Huntington's disease (HD), and ALS.

If you do a PubMed search of neurodegeneration,

these are the four diseases that came up as the four

top ones that have the most papers published.

Alzheimer's disease is the single,

one biggest neurological disease ever, it's the biggest one.

Parkinson's is the second.

The other two, however, are not, quote, unquote, big diseases.

If you look at the patients population, it's not that high.

However, in this study those, especially HD,

contributed in almost every critical move in our

understanding of diseases or the way we can study diseases.

So I picked that one.

And out of that four, number two, three and

four are typical movement disorders.

The first one, as I mentioned, is not usually considered as a movement disorder,

but has a very strong over-lapping component with movement disorders.

So I'll start with Alzheimer's disease that you are actually quite familiar with.

Now, all these diseases,

three typical movement disorders in a one or a half, what do we know about them?

We know that there is always neuronal loss in a particular brain area.

In Alzheimer's disease, it's a diffused neurodegeneration,

starting from temporal cortex, hippocampus and gradually it spreads.

In Parkinson's disease, it's the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons,

mainly in substantial nigra.

In Huntington's disease, the degeneration occurs in caudate nucleus, in striata.

It's a very specific type of neuron called median

spiny neuron that are dead in this disease.

In ALS, of course, it's the motor neurons that are dead in this disease.

So they have different, specific, neuronal cell death.

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