Sometimes people try to understand a medical detail, it's just for curiosity. It's like, this is interesting. I just want to find out, how does that work? Indeed, if you check the scientific history, there are a lot of things that people find out a mechanism, it was not until after 20 or 30 years and people can use it for the therapeutic purpose. So a lot of times the fundamental scientific findings probably is just for curiosity. And sometimes, finding out the detailed mechanism might provide more rational design, rational improvement for the therapeutic purpose. Because you know this toxin works, but you don’t know how to improve it, because you don’t know, how does that work? If you understand the medical details, maybe, it's only maybe, okay, maybe you can improve it. And the probability, I can tell you, is not high. So a lot of times, especially for some of the students or undergraduates or graduate student, you don't want to put your hopes too high saying that you are going to get a Nobel Prize. If anyone wants to do research just for getting a Nobel Prize, the probability that you are getting it, it will be much, much lower. And I would urge you to change your major, because it's a very, very, very low odds. And you better to do something else, maybe [INAUDIBLE] then maybe you have higher chances. Even if your work may deserve a Nobel Prize, it also depends on how long you live. It also depends on the politics. It also depends on whether there's any [INAUDIBLE] that can advertise your work. Anyway, we can edit that part out. >> [LAUGH] >> Okay, so how do we identify it? The botox toxin, it's the molecular target. Let's back to the question. Well, here is some background that I want to provide with you. The botox, the toxin, people already identified and purified. The structure, the molecule sequence is known, and look at its structure. Actually, this botox toxin is composed of a light chain and a heavy chain. And if you guys are familiar with the bacteriotoxin, a lot of bacteriotoxins are all composed different type they are all composed of light chains and heavy chains. A lot of times, the heavy chain provides the recognition part, that is, how do you recognize the host cell, for example, receptor to attach to the receptor? And the other light chain provides the deadly weapon, the toxin. So since there, Italian scientists, he's very interested about the molecular target of this Botox toxin, Botox. So from this structure, they know that the heavy chain probably is a recognition agent helping the light chain, the weapon, get into the cell. Sensitive protease, because if you look at a structure, it has some weak homology to trypsin [INAUDIBLE]. So lawric acid, this is a protease. And therefore, they sync this light chain, once it get into the presynaptic neuron, may be working as a protease that somehow inhibit the transmitter readings. Now this is the information before this paper, if you check the literature, you know that information, and I provided with you. Now it comes to your turn. If you are sincere, what are you going to do? How are you going to identify the molecular target for this putative protease? Because presumably, this thing will cut the targets and somehow the transmitter release will just magically disappear. How do you, if you time travel back 20 years to identify for the first time the molecular target, how are you going to do it?
