Clauses

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En provenance du cours de Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology

Academic Literacy

88 notes

Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology

Academic Literacy

88 notes

Cours 1 sur 5 dans Specialization English for Research Publication Purposes

This is the first course of the English for Research Publication Purposes Specialization. The course is an introduction to what you need to know about academic discourse. You’ll gain important critical reading skills to help you develop as a self-critical scientific writer. You will learn practical tools and effective strategies for increasing your academic vocabulary and grammar so that you will write well-structured coherent academic texts.

À partir de la leçon

MODULE III : FUNDAMENTALS OF ACADEMIC GRAMMAR

This module covers issues related to the pragmatics of academic English. The module presents an overview of the English verb system, including most frequent tenses, three aspects, and two voices. The module highlights the use of correct punctuality, which is of immense help in meeting the goal of the writing process: to ensure clear communication of ideas. The module also explains the role of modality and register in academic writing. Another important issue discussed in module is the use of parallel constructionsfor words, phrases, clauses, sentences, and paragraphs of an academic text.

Introductory video2:54

Types of Verbs7:49

Verb Complements5:32

Rencontrer les enseignants

Elena Bazanova
Director of the Language Training and Testing Center
Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology

[MUSIC]

A clause is an idea that is organised around a verb.

A clause that cannot stand alone as a complete sentence

is called a dependent clause because it depends

on an independent clause to form a grammatical sentence.

Dependent clause can be finite or non-finite.

A finite clause has a subject and a finite verb, lexical verb.

Where as a non-finite verb is built around a to-infintive or -ing verb.

A single independent clause can form a sentence called a simple sentence.

Since it typically has one main verb, the simple sentence expresses one idea.

For example, an action, an event, state or link between two things.

Simple sentences are not always short and can contain a lot of information.

When it is necessary to develop ideas, show logical connections and conclusions

or concessions or refer to a source, combinations of clauses are often used.

Remember that effective academic writing in English is concise, direct and

well structured.

That is why long cluttered sentences should be avoided.

Instead of combining several clauses in one sentence start a new sentence

with linking words or phrases such as therefore or in result.

When two independent clauses of equal statures are combined,

they're both equally important to the message.

The first close starts the message and the other continues it.

A sentence with two independent clauses is called a compound sentence.

Compound sentences are joined with a coordinating conjunction, for

example, and, but, yet.

In other types of sentences, the clauses are unequal.

These are formed by using a combination of independent and dependent clauses.

The independent clause contains the main verb of the sentence.

And the dependent clause, finite or non-finite,

modifies the main clause by expanding its meaning.

This does not mean it is less important than the main clause.

The dependent clause, adds meaning to the main clause and

make it essential new information.

A sentence with independent or dependent clause, is one type of complex sentences.

An independent clause and

a dependent clause are joined with the subordinating conjunctions.

This conjunction requires additional consideration.

The whole sentence is one main clause.

Such concepts as time, space,

energy, life were developed by human culture over many centuries and

they came into scientific thought as if ready-made two main clauses joined by and.

If molecules were free to react each time they touched a neighbor,

the potential of the world for change would have been realized long ago.

One subordinate clause, if-clause and one main clause.

These table shows examples of sentences with one, two and three clauses.

The clauses in the shaded boxes are main clauses.

They could form sentences on their own.

The clauses in the clear boxes are subordinate clauses or dependent clauses.

They could form sentences.

They couldn't form sentences on their own.

This table does not show every possible combination but

it can help you analyze and control academic writing.

And in sentences 3 and 5 is a coordinating conjunction

joining clauses of equal statures to one another.

In this case, the main clauses.

If and before, in sentences 2, 4 and 5,

are subordinating conjunctions, indicating a dependent

relationship between the clauses they introduce and the main clause.

As I previously said,

a clause that contains a verb that shows tense is called the finite clause.

At minimum, a finite clause has a subject, a verb and

any objects or complements that the verb requires.

A finite clause expresses a complete idea and

can stand alone as a complete sentence.

This table shows examples of finite clauses, both independent and dependent.

Finite clauses can be main clauses, sentences 1 and

2, or subordinate clauses or dependent clauses, sentence 3.

Non-finite clauses contain a lexical verb that does not indicate tense.

Non-finite clauses can normally only be subordinate or dependent,

and typically combine with finite ones in sentences.

We usually understand the time, the person, and number from information

on the finite clause to which the non-finite clause is related.

Examples of non-finite clauses, non-finite clauses are shaded.

The subject of being is these two animals and

its time reference is the same as all present time.

The subject of contributing is the bicycle

as its time reference is the same as gave, past time.

The subject of organize and display and

its time reference is the same as it has present time.

The passive subject of helped is James and

its time reference is the same as managed, past time.

This table shows the most typical conjunctions

that can be used to join sentences or clauses.

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